5.
Minerals and Energy Resources
SECTION A: MCQs — 80 Questions
Q1.
Geologists define a mineral as a homogeneous, naturally occurring substance
with:
a) A fixed colour
b) A definable internal structure
c) A fixed market price
d) Organic origin
Answer: (b) A definable internal structure
Q2.
Which rock is composed of a single mineral only?
a) Granite
b) Limestone
c) Sandstone
d) Gneiss
Answer: (b) Limestone
Q3.
How many minerals have been identified so far, as mentioned in the chapter?
a) About 200
b) About 500
c) Over 2000
d) Over 5000
Answer: (c) Over 2000
Q4.
Smaller occurrences of minerals in igneous and metamorphic rocks are called:
a) Lodes
b) Veins
c) Beds
d) Placers
Answer: (b) Veins
Q5.
Larger occurrences of minerals in igneous and metamorphic rocks are called:
a) Lodes
b) Veins
c) Strata
d) Nodules
Answer: (a) Lodes
Q6.
Which of the following minerals is obtained from veins and lodes?
a) Coal
b) Gypsum
c) Tin
d) Limestone
Answer: (c) Tin
Q7.
In sedimentary rocks, minerals occur in the form of:
a) Veins
b) Lodes
c) Beds or layers
d) Nodules
Answer: (c) Beds or layers
Q8.
Which minerals are formed as a result of evaporation, especially in arid
regions?
a) Iron ore and
manganese
b) Gypsum, potash and sodium salt
c) Gold and silver
d) Mica and bauxite
Answer: (b) Gypsum, potash and sodium salt
Q9.
Bauxite is formed by:
a) Evaporation
b) Decomposition of surface rocks
c) Volcanic activity
d) Deposition in river beds
Answer: (b) Decomposition of surface rocks
Q10.
Deposits found in sands of valley floors and the base of hills are called:
a) Veins
b) Lodes
c) Placer deposits
d) Residual deposits
Answer: (c) Placer deposits
Q11.
Which of the following minerals is generally found as a placer deposit?
a) Iron ore
b) Platinum
c) Manganese
d) Limestone
Answer: (b) Platinum
Q12.
Which minerals are largely derived from ocean waters?
a) Iron and manganese
b) Common salt, magnesium and bromine
c) Copper and zinc
d) Mica and coal
Answer: (b) Common salt, magnesium and
bromine
Q13.
The ocean beds are rich in:
a) Bauxite nodules
b) Manganese nodules
c) Mica nodules
d) Coal nodules
Answer: (b) Manganese nodules
Q14.
Ferrous minerals account for what fraction of the total value of metallic
mineral production?
a) One-half
b) One-fourth
c) Three-fourths
d) One-third
Answer: (c) Three-fourths
Q15.
Which of the following is a ferrous mineral?
a) Copper
b) Bauxite
c) Manganese
d) Lead
Answer: (c) Manganese
Q16.
Which of the following is a non-ferrous mineral?
a) Iron ore
b) Nickel
c) Copper
d) Cobalt
Answer: (c) Copper
Q17.
Which iron ore has the highest iron content (up to 70%)?
a) Hematite
b) Magnetite
c) Limonite
d) Siderite
Answer: (b) Magnetite
Q18.
Magnetite is especially valuable in which industry?
a) Textile industry
b) Electrical industry
c) Cement industry
d) Food industry
Answer: (b) Electrical industry
Q19.
Hematite ore contains iron content of:
a) 70–80%
b) 50–60%
c) 30–40%
d) 90–100%
Answer: (b) 50–60%
Q20.
What percentage of India's iron ore production (2018–19) came from Odisha,
Chhattisgarh, Karnataka and Jharkhand?
a) 75%
b) 85%
c) 97%
d) 100%
Answer: (c) 97%
Q21.
Badampahar mines are located in which state?
a) Jharkhand
b) Chhattisgarh
c) Odisha
d) Karnataka
Answer: (c) Odisha
Q22.
Gua and Noamundi iron ore mines are located in which district?
a) Bastar
b) Singbhum
c) Koraput
d) Kendujhar
Answer: (b) Singbhum
Q23.
The Bailadila range of hills, famous for high-grade hematite, is located in:
a) Odisha
b) Karnataka
c) Chhattisgarh
d) Jharkhand
Answer: (c) Chhattisgarh
Q24.
How many super high-grade hematite iron ore deposits does the Bailadila range
comprise?
a) 10
b) 12
c) 14
d) 16
Answer: (c) 14
Q25.
Iron ore from the Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt is exported through which port?
a) Marmagao
b) Mangaluru
c) Vishakhapatnam
d) Kandla
Answer: (c) Vishakhapatnam
Q26.
Kudremukh mines, a 100% export unit, are located in:
a) Odisha
b) Chhattisgarh
c) Karnataka
d) Goa
Answer: (c) Karnataka
Q27.
Iron ore from Kudremukh is transported as slurry through a pipeline to a port
near:
a) Chennai
b) Mangaluru
c) Kochi
d) Mumbai
Answer: (b) Mangaluru
Q28.
Iron ore from the Maharashtra-Goa belt is exported through which port?
a) Vishakhapatnam
b) Marmagao
c) Paradwip
d) Kandla
Answer: (b) Marmagao
Q29.
Manganese is mainly used in manufacturing:
a) Cement
b) Steel and ferro-manganese alloy
c) Glass
d) Fertilisers
Answer: (b) Steel and ferro-manganese alloy
Q30.
Approximately how much manganese is required to manufacture one tonne of steel?
a) 5 kg
b) 10 kg
c) 20 kg
d) 50 kg
Answer: (b) 10 kg
Q31.
Which state was the leading producer of manganese in 2018–19?
a) Odisha
b) Maharashtra
c) Madhya Pradesh
d) Karnataka
Answer: (c) Madhya Pradesh
Q32.
Copper is mainly used in:
a) Cement industry
b) Electrical cables and electronics
c) Fertiliser industry
d) Paper industry
Answer: (b) Electrical cables and
electronics
Q33.
Which of the following are leading copper-producing mines in India?
a) Kudremukh,
Bailadila
b) Balaghat, Khetri, Singhbhum
c) Koderma, Nellore
d) Neyveli, Digboi
Answer: (b) Balaghat, Khetri, Singhbhum
Q34.
Khetri copper mines are located in which state?
a) Madhya Pradesh
b) Jharkhand
c) Rajasthan
d) Odisha
Answer: (c) Rajasthan
Q35.
Aluminium is obtained from which ore?
a) Hematite
b) Bauxite
c) Magnetite
d) Galena
Answer: (b) Bauxite
Q36.
Bauxite deposits are formed by decomposition of rocks rich in:
a) Calcium carbonate
b) Aluminium silicates
c) Iron oxide
d) Potassium salts
Answer: (b) Aluminium silicates
Q37.
Which state was the largest producer of bauxite in India in 2018–19?
a) Jharkhand
b) Gujarat
c) Odisha
d) Chhattisgarh
Answer: (c) Odisha
Q38.
Panchpatmali deposits, important for bauxite, are located in which district?
a) Koraput
b) Bastar
c) Singbhum
d) Kendujhar
Answer: (a) Koraput
Q39.
Bauxite deposits in India are mainly found in:
a) Aravalli Ranges
b) Amarkantak Plateau, Maikal Hills and Bilaspur–Katni Plateau
c) Chota Nagpur Plateau
d) Western Ghats
Answer: (b) Amarkantak Plateau, Maikal
Hills and Bilaspur–Katni Plateau
Q40.
Mica is valued in the electrical and electronics industry mainly due to its:
a) Magnetic property
b) Excellent dielectric strength and insulating property
c) Solubility in water
d) Radioactivity
Answer: (b) Excellent dielectric strength
and insulating property
Q41.
The leading producer of mica in India is the:
a) Nellore belt of
Andhra Pradesh
b) Ajmer belt of Rajasthan
c) Koderma–Gaya–Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand
d) Balaghat belt of Madhya Pradesh
Answer: (c) Koderma–Gaya–Hazaribagh belt of
Jharkhand
Q42.
Mica deposits are found in the northern edge of the:
a) Aravalli Range
b) Western Ghats
c) Chota Nagpur Plateau
d) Deccan Plateau
Answer: (c) Chota Nagpur Plateau
Q43.
Limestone is the basic raw material for which industry?
a) Textile industry
b) Cement industry
c) Sugar industry
d) Leather industry
Answer: (b) Cement industry
Q44.
Limestone is also essential for:
a) Refining petroleum
b) Smelting iron ore in the blast furnace
c) Producing biogas
d) Generating hydroelectricity
Answer: (b) Smelting iron ore in the blast
furnace
Q45.
Which state was the leading producer of limestone (2018–19)?
a) Andhra Pradesh
b) Madhya Pradesh
c) Rajasthan
d) Karnataka
Answer: (c) Rajasthan
Q46.
"Rat-hole" mining for coal is practised in which region?
a) Damodar Valley
b) Jowai and Cherrapunji, Meghalaya
c) Bastar, Chhattisgarh
d) Ratnagiri, Maharashtra
Answer: (b) Jowai and Cherrapunji,
Meghalaya
Q47.
Which body declared rat-hole mining illegal and recommended it be stopped?
a) Supreme Court
b) National Green Tribunal
c) Ministry of Mines
d) State Pollution Control Board
Answer: (b) National Green Tribunal
Q48.
In most tribal areas of North-East India, minerals are owned by:
a) The Central
Government only
b) Individuals or communities
c) Multinational companies
d) State Government only
Answer: (b) Individuals or communities
Q49.
Dust and noxious fumes inhaled by miners make them vulnerable to:
a) Skin diseases
b) Pulmonary diseases
c) Digestive disorders
d) Hearing loss only
Answer: (b) Pulmonary diseases
Q50.
What fraction of the earth's crust do workable mineral deposits form?
a) 10%
b) 5%
c) 1%
d) 25%
Answer: (c) 1%
Q51.
Mineral resources are described as:
a) Renewable and
abundant
b) Finite and non-renewable
c) Infinite
d) Man-made
Answer: (b) Finite and non-renewable
Q52.
Which of these is NOT a step in conserving mineral resources?
a) Recycling of
metals
b) Using scrap metals
c) Excessive unplanned mining
d) Using substitutes
Answer: (c) Excessive unplanned mining
Q53.
Which of the following is a conventional source of energy?
a) Solar energy
b) Wind energy
c) Natural gas
d) Biogas
Answer: (c) Natural gas
Q54.
Which of the following is a non-conventional source of energy?
a) Coal
b) Petroleum
c) Tidal energy
d) Firewood
Answer: (c) Tidal energy
Q55.
More than what percentage of energy requirement in rural households is met by
firewood and cattle dung cake?
a) 50%
b) 60%
c) 70%
d) 90%
Answer: (c) 70%
Q56.
Coal formed from decaying plants in swamps with low carbon and high moisture is
called:
a) Lignite
b) Peat
c) Bituminous
d) Anthracite
Answer: (b) Peat
Q57.
The low-grade brown coal with high moisture content is called:
a) Peat
b) Lignite
c) Anthracite
d) Bituminous
Answer: (b) Lignite
Q58.
The principal lignite reserves of India are found in:
a) Jharia, Jharkhand
b) Neyveli, Tamil Nadu
c) Raniganj, West Bengal
d) Singareni, Telangana
Answer: (b) Neyveli, Tamil Nadu
Q59.
Which coal is the most popular in commercial use?
a) Peat
b) Lignite
c) Bituminous
d) Anthracite
Answer: (c) Bituminous
Q60.
High-grade bituminous coal used for smelting iron in blast furnaces is called:
a) Metallurgical coal
b) Thermal coal
c) Lignite
d) Peat
Answer: (a) Metallurgical coal
Q61.
The highest quality hard coal is:
a) Lignite
b) Peat
c) Bituminous
d) Anthracite
Answer: (d) Anthracite
Q62.
Gondwana coal in India is approximately how many years old?
a) 55 million years
b) A little over 200 million years
c) 500 million years
d) 100 million years
Answer: (b) A little over 200 million years
Q63.
Tertiary coal deposits in India are approximately how old?
a) 55 million years
b) 200 million years
c) 300 million years
d) 10 million years
Answer: (a) 55 million years
Q64.
Which of the following coalfields lies in the Damodar Valley?
a) Neyveli
b) Jharia, Raniganj and Bokaro
c) Singareni
d) Digboi
Answer: (b) Jharia, Raniganj and Bokaro
Q65.
Tertiary coal deposits occur in which North-Eastern states?
a) Assam, Meghalaya,
Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland
b) Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura and Sikkim
c) Bihar, Odisha and West Bengal
d) None of the above
Answer: (a) Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal
Pradesh and Nagaland
Q66.
Why are heavy industries and thermal power stations located near coalfields?
a) Coal is expensive
b) Coal is a bulky material that loses weight on use
c) Coal is radioactive
d) Coal cannot be transported at all
Answer: (b) Coal is a bulky material that
loses weight on use
Q67.
Petroleum refineries act as a "nodal industry" for:
a) Textile,
fertiliser and chemical industries
b) Steel and cement industries
c) Food processing industries
d) Paper industries
Answer: (a) Textile, fertiliser and
chemical industries
Q68.
Most petroleum occurrences in India are associated with:
a) Volcanic rocks
b) Anticlines and fault traps in tertiary rocks
c) Placer deposits
d) Metamorphic rocks
Answer: (b) Anticlines and fault traps in
tertiary rocks
Q69.
In an anticline, oil is trapped in the:
a) Trough of the fold
b) Crest of the upfold
c) Base of the rock
d) Ocean floor
Answer: (b) Crest of the upfold
Q70.
In petroleum deposits, gas usually occurs:
a) Below the oil
b) Above the oil
c) Mixed evenly with oil
d) Separately in a different rock layer
Answer: (b) Above the oil
Q71.
Which is the most important petroleum field of Gujarat?
a) Mumbai High
b) Ankleshwar
c) Cambay
d) Kalol
Answer: (b) Ankleshwar
Q72.
Which is the oldest oil-producing state of India?
a) Gujarat
b) Assam
c) Rajasthan
d) Tamil Nadu
Answer: (b) Assam
Q73.
Which of the following are important oil fields of Assam?
a) Ankleshwar, Kalol
and Cambay
b) Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran-Hugrijan
c) Mumbai High and Bassein
d) Neyveli and Singareni
Answer: (b) Digboi, Naharkatiya and
Moran-Hugrijan
Q74.
Natural gas used as a transport fuel is known as:
a) PNG
b) LPG
c) CNG
d) LNG
Answer: (c) CNG
Q75.
Natural gas used as a domestic cooking fuel is known as:
a) CNG
b) PNG
c) LPG
d) CBM
Answer: (b) PNG
Q76.
The HVJ gas pipeline connects:
a)
Hazira–Vijaipur–Jagdishpur
b) Haldia–Vadodara–Jaipur
c) Hyderabad–Vijayawada–Jamshedpur
d) None of the above
Answer: (a) Hazira–Vijaipur–Jagdishpur
Q77.
The HVJ pipeline was constructed by:
a) ONGC
b) IOC
c) GAIL (India)
d) HPCL
Answer: (c) GAIL (India)
Q78.
Which of the following generates hydroelectricity?
a) Burning coal
b) Burning natural gas
c) Fast flowing water driving turbines
d) Nuclear fission
Answer: (c) Fast flowing water driving
turbines
Q79.
Which of the following minerals used for nuclear/atomic power are found in the
Aravalli Ranges of Rajasthan?
a) Bauxite
b) Uranium and Thorium
c) Mica
d) Manganese
Answer: (b) Uranium and Thorium
Q80.
The Monazite sands rich in Thorium are found in:
a) Odisha
b) Kerala
c) Gujarat
d) Rajasthan
Answer: (b) Kerala
SECTION B: SHORT ANSWER TYPE (3 Marks Each)
— 30 Questions
Q1.
Define a mineral. What determines the wide variety of colour, hardness and
lustre in minerals? Answer:
A mineral is a homogenous, naturally occurring substance with a definable
internal structure, as defined by geologists. The particular combination of
elements from which a mineral forms, along with the physical and chemical
conditions under which the material forms, determines the wide range of colours,
hardness, crystal forms, lustre and density that a mineral possesses.
Geologists use these very properties to classify minerals.
Q2.
Describe how minerals occur in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Answer: In igneous
and metamorphic rocks, minerals may occur in cracks, crevices, faults or
joints. Smaller occurrences are called veins and larger ones are called lodes.
In most cases, they form when minerals in liquid/molten and gaseous forms are
forced upward through cavities towards the earth's surface. As they rise, they
cool and solidify. Major metallic minerals such as tin, copper, zinc and lead
are obtained from veins and lodes.
Q3.
How are minerals formed in sedimentary rocks? Give examples. Answer: In
sedimentary rocks, minerals occur in beds or layers, formed as a result of
deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata. Coal and some
forms of iron ore have been concentrated over long periods under great heat and
pressure. Another group of sedimentary minerals — gypsum, potash salt and sodium
salt — are formed as a result of evaporation, especially in arid regions.
Q4.
What are placer deposits? Name minerals typically found in them. Answer: Placer
deposits are formed when certain minerals occur as alluvial deposits in the
sands of valley floors and the base of hills. These deposits generally contain
minerals which are not corroded by water. Gold, silver, tin and platinum are
among the most important minerals found as placer deposits.
Q5.
What role do ocean waters and ocean beds play as a source of minerals? Answer: Ocean waters
contain vast quantities of minerals, but most are too widely diffused to be of
economic significance. However, common salt, magnesium and bromine are largely
derived from ocean waters. Ocean beds, too, are rich in manganese nodules,
which represent a significant potential mineral resource.
Q6.
Distinguish between ferrous and non-ferrous minerals with examples. Answer: Ferrous
minerals contain iron and account for about three-fourths of the total value of
production of metallic minerals; examples include iron ore, manganese, nickel
and cobalt. They form a strong base for metallurgical industries. Non-ferrous
minerals do not contain iron; examples include copper, bauxite, lead, zinc and
tin. India's reserves and production of non-ferrous minerals are comparatively
unsatisfactory, though they are vital for engineering and electrical
industries.
Q7.
Differentiate between Magnetite and Hematite iron ore. Answer: Magnetite is
the finest iron ore, containing a very high iron content of up to 70%, and
possesses excellent magnetic qualities that make it especially valuable in the
electrical industry. Hematite is the most important industrial ore in terms of
the quantity used, though it has a slightly lower iron content (50–60%) than
magnetite.
Q8.
Name and describe the major iron ore belt located in Odisha and Jharkhand. Answer: This is
called the Odisha-Jharkhand belt. In Odisha, high-grade hematite ore is found
in the Badampahar mines in the Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar districts. In the
adjoining Singbhum district of Jharkhand, hematite iron ore is mined in Gua and
Noamundi. This belt is one of the leading iron-ore producing regions of India.
Q9.
Describe the Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur iron ore belt. Answer: This belt
lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. Very high-grade hematites are found in
the famous Bailadila range of hills in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh,
comprising 14 deposits of super high-grade hematite iron ore with the best
physical properties needed for steel making. Iron ore from these mines is
exported to Japan and South Korea via Vishakhapatnam port.
Q10.
Describe the Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru iron ore belt. Answer: This belt,
located in Karnataka, has large reserves of iron ore. The Kudremukh mines, located
in the Western Ghats, are a 100% export unit and are known to be one of the
largest deposits in the world. The ore is transported as slurry through a
pipeline to a port near Mangaluru.
Q11.
What are the uses of manganese? Which state is India's leading producer? Answer: Manganese is
mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro-manganese alloy — nearly 10
kg of manganese is required to manufacture one tonne of steel. It is also used
in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and paints. As per the 2018–19
data, Madhya Pradesh was the leading producer of manganese in India, followed
by Maharashtra and Odisha.
Q12.
Why is India considered "critically deficient" in copper? Name the
leading producing regions. Answer:
India is critically deficient in the reserve and production of copper because
domestic deposits are limited compared to industrial demand. Being malleable,
ductile and a good conductor, copper is mainly used in electrical cables,
electronics and chemical industries. The Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh,
Khetri mines in Rajasthan, and the Singhbhum district of Jharkhand are the
leading producers of copper in the country.
Q13.
How is bauxite formed, and why is aluminium considered an important metal? Answer: Bauxite, a
clay-like substance from which alumina and later aluminium is obtained, is
formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in aluminium
silicates. Aluminium is an important metal because it combines the strength of
metals such as iron with extreme lightness, and it also possesses good
conductivity and great malleability, making it valuable across many industries.
Q14.
Where are India's major bauxite deposits found, and which state leads in
production?
Answer:
India's bauxite deposits are mainly found in the Amarkantak plateau, Maikal
hills and the plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni. Odisha was the largest
bauxite-producing state in India in 2018–19, with the Panchpatmali deposits in
Koraput district being the most important bauxite deposits in the state.
Q15.
What is mica? Describe its properties and uses. Answer: Mica is a
mineral made up of a series of plates or leaves that splits easily into thin
sheets — so thin that a thousand sheets can be layered into a mica sheet only a
few centimetres high. Mica can be clear, black, green, red-yellow or brown. Due
to its excellent dielectric strength, low power loss factor, insulating
properties and resistance to high voltage, mica is one of the most
indispensable minerals used in electric and electronic industries.
Q16.
Where are India's major mica deposits located? Answer: Mica
deposits are found in the northern edge of the Chota Nagpur plateau. The
Koderma-Gaya-Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand is the leading producer. In
Rajasthan, the major mica-producing area is around Ajmer, while the Nellore
mica belt of Andhra Pradesh is also an important producer in the country.
Q17.
What is limestone used for, and where is it found? Answer: Limestone is
found in association with rocks composed of calcium carbonates or calcium and
magnesium carbonates and occurs in sedimentary rocks of most geological
formations. It is the basic raw material for the cement industry and is also
essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace.
Q18.
Explain the health and environmental hazards associated with mining. Answer: The dust and
noxious fumes inhaled by miners make them vulnerable to pulmonary diseases. The
risk of collapsing mine roofs, inundation and fires in coal mines are a
constant threat to miners. Additionally, water sources in mining regions get
contaminated, and dumping of waste and slurry leads to degradation of land and
soil, as well as increased stream and river pollution.
Q19.
What is "rat-hole" mining, and why has it been declared illegal? Answer: In most
tribal areas of North-East India, minerals are owned by individuals or
communities rather than being nationalised. In Meghalaya, coal mining in Jowai
and Cherapunjee is carried out by family members through a long, narrow tunnel
called "rat-hole" mining. The National Green Tribunal has declared
such activities illegal and recommended that they be stopped forthwith, mainly
due to serious safety and environmental hazards.
Q20.
Why do we need to conserve mineral resources? Answer: The total
volume of workable mineral deposits is an insignificant fraction — about one
per cent — of the earth's crust. We are rapidly consuming mineral resources
that required millions of years to be created and concentrated, while the rate
of replenishment is infinitely small compared to present consumption. Mineral
resources are therefore finite and non-renewable, making conservation through
recycling and use of substitutes essential.
Q21.
Distinguish between conventional and non-conventional sources of energy with
examples.
Answer:
Conventional sources of energy include firewood, cattle dung cake, coal,
petroleum, natural gas and electricity (both hydel and thermal); these have
traditionally met most of the nation's energy demand. Non-conventional sources
include solar, wind, tidal, geothermal, biogas and atomic energy; these are
renewable and increasingly promoted due to environmental and sustainability
concerns.
Q22.
Explain the different forms of coal based on carbon content. Answer: Coal occurs
in a variety of forms depending on the degree of compression and the depth and
time of burial. Decaying plants in swamps produce peat, which has low carbon
and high moisture content and low heating capacity. Lignite is a low-grade
brown coal, soft with high moisture content. Bituminous coal, buried deep and
subjected to increased temperatures, is the most popular coal in commercial
use. Anthracite is the highest quality hard coal.
Q23.
Distinguish between Gondwana coal and Tertiary coal. Answer: Gondwana
coal, a little over 200 million years in age, is metallurgical coal and is
located in the Damodar Valley (West Bengal-Jharkhand), with important
coalfields such as Jharia, Raniganj and Bokaro. Tertiary coal, only about 55
million years old, occurs in the north-eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam,
Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.
Q24.
Why are heavy industries and thermal power stations generally located near
coalfields?
Answer:
Coal is a bulky material which loses weight on use as it is reduced to ash.
Transporting large quantities of coal over long distances is costly and
inefficient. Hence, heavy industries and thermal power stations are located on
or near the coalfields to minimise transportation costs and ensure a steady
fuel supply.
Q25.
Explain how petroleum is trapped in anticlines and fault traps. Answer: Most petroleum
occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps in rock
formations of the tertiary age. In regions of folding, anticlines or domes, oil
is trapped in the crest of the upfold within a porous limestone or sandstone
layer, prevented from rising or sinking by intervening non-porous layers.
Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks,
with gas — being lighter — usually occurring above the oil.
Q26.
Name the major petroleum-producing areas of India along with their important
oil fields.
Answer:
Mumbai High, Gujarat and Assam are the major petroleum production areas in
India. Ankleshwar is the most important field of Gujarat. Assam is the oldest
oil-producing state of India, with Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran-Hugrijan being
the important oil fields in the state.
Q27.
What are the uses of natural gas, and describe the significance of the HVJ
pipeline.
Answer:
Natural gas is used as a domestic and industrial fuel, for generating
electricity, as raw material in chemical, petrochemical and fertiliser
industries, as transport fuel (CNG), and as cooking fuel (PNG). The first 1,700
km long Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur (HVJ) cross-country gas pipeline,
constructed by GAIL (India), linked Mumbai High and Bassein gas fields with
fertiliser, power and industrial complexes in western and northern India,
giving major impetus to India's gas market development.
Q28.
Differentiate between hydroelectricity and thermal electricity. Answer:
Hydroelectricity is generated by fast-flowing water which drives hydro
turbines; it is a renewable resource, with examples such as Bhakra Nangal,
Damodar Valley Corporation and the Kopili Hydel Project. Thermal electricity is
generated by burning fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas to drive
turbines, using non-renewable fossil fuels. Once generated, however, the
electricity produced is exactly the same regardless of source.
Q29.
Explain the working principle of tidal energy and name suitable locations in
India.
Answer:
Oceanic tides can be used to generate electricity through floodgate dams built
across inlets. During high tide, water flows into the inlet and gets trapped
when the gate is closed; after the tide falls outside the floodgate, the
retained water flows back to the sea via a pipe carrying it through a
power-generating turbine. In India, the Gulf of Khambhat, the Gulf of Kuchchh
in Gujarat, and the Gangetic delta in the Sunderban region of West Bengal
provide ideal conditions for utilising tidal energy.
Q30.
What is geothermal energy, and where has it been harnessed in India? Answer: Geothermal
energy refers to the heat and electricity produced by using heat from the
interior of the earth, which grows progressively hotter with depth. Where the
geothermal gradient is high, groundwater absorbs heat from rocks and turns into
steam on rising to the surface, which is used to drive turbines and generate
electricity. Two experimental projects have been set up in India — one in the
Parvati valley near Manikaran, Himachal Pradesh, and the other in the Puga
Valley, Ladakh.
SECTION C: LONG ANSWER TYPE (5 Marks Each)
— 30 Questions
Q1. What is a mineral? Explain the
various modes of occurrence of minerals with suitable examples.
Answer:
Definition of Mineral
·
A
mineral is a homogeneous,
naturally occurring substance.
·
It
has a definable
internal structure.
Modes of Occurrence of Minerals
1. In Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks
·
Occur
in cracks, crevices, faults and joints.
·
Smaller
deposits are called veins.
·
Larger
deposits are called lodes.
·
Formed
by cooling and solidification of molten minerals.
·
Examples: Tin, Copper, Zinc
and Lead.
2. In Sedimentary Rocks
·
Occur
in beds or layers.
·
Formed
by deposition and accumulation.
·
Some
minerals are formed by evaporation in arid regions.
·
Examples: Coal, Iron ore,
Gypsum, Potash and Sodium Salt.
3. As Residual Deposits
·
Formed
by decomposition of surface rocks.
·
Soluble
materials are removed by weathering.
·
Example: Bauxite.
4. As Placer Deposits
·
Found
in sands of valley floors and at the base of hills.
·
Heavy
minerals are deposited by rivers.
·
Examples: Gold, Silver, Tin
and Platinum.
5. In Ocean Water and Ocean Beds
·
Ocean
water contains dissolved minerals.
·
Ocean
beds contain valuable mineral nodules.
·
Examples: Common Salt,
Magnesium, Bromine and Manganese Nodules.
Q2. Classify minerals for general
and commercial purposes, giving examples of each type.
Answer:
Minerals are classified into three
categories:
1. Metallic Minerals
(a)
Ferrous Minerals
·
Contain
iron.
·
Essential
for the iron and steel industry.
·
Examples: Iron Ore,
Manganese, Nickel and Cobalt.
(b)
Non-Ferrous Minerals
·
Do
not contain iron.
·
Used
in electrical and engineering industries.
·
Examples: Copper, Lead, Tin
and Bauxite.
(c)
Precious Minerals
·
High
commercial value.
·
Used
in jewellery and industries.
·
Examples: Gold, Silver and
Platinum.
2. Non-Metallic Minerals
·
Do
not contain metals.
·
Used
as industrial raw materials.
·
Examples: Mica, Salt,
Potash, Sulphur, Limestone, Marble, Granite and Sandstone.
3. Energy Minerals
·
Used
for producing energy.
·
Examples: Coal, Petroleum
and Natural Gas.
Importance of Classification
·
Helps
in understanding mineral distribution.
·
Assists
in industrial planning.
·
Promotes
proper conservation of mineral resources.
Q3. Describe the distribution of
iron ore in India, mentioning the major belts and their characteristics.
Answer:
Types of Iron Ore
·
Magnetite contains up to 70% iron and is
valuable for the electrical industry.
·
Hematite contains 50–60% iron and is the
most important industrial ore.
Production
·
About
97% of
India's iron ore production (2018–19) came from Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka
and Jharkhand.
Major Iron Ore Belts
1.
Odisha–Jharkhand Belt
·
Includes
Badampahar
mines (Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar).
·
Includes
Gua
and Noamundi
mines (Singhbhum).
2.
Durg–Bastar–Chandrapur Belt
·
Located
in Chhattisgarh.
·
Famous
for the Bailadila
Range with high-grade hematite.
·
Iron
ore is exported through Visakhapatnam
Port.
3.
Ballari–Chitradurga–Chikkamagaluru–Tumakuru Belt
·
Located
in Karnataka.
·
Includes
Kudremukh Mines.
·
Iron
ore is transported as slurry through pipelines to Mangaluru Port.
4.
Maharashtra–Goa Belt
·
Includes
Goa and Ratnagiri.
·
Iron
ore is exported through Marmagao
Port.
Q4. Explain the occurrence, uses and
distribution of manganese in India.
Answer:
Occurrence
·
Manganese
deposits are generally associated with iron ore deposits.
Uses
·
Used
in manufacturing steel.
·
Used
in making ferro-manganese
alloy.
·
About
10 kg
of manganese is required to produce one tonne of steel.
·
Also
used in:
o
Bleaching
powder
o
Insecticides
o
Paints
Distribution
·
Madhya Pradesh – 33% (largest
producer)
·
Maharashtra – 27%
·
Odisha – 16%
·
Karnataka – 12%
·
Andhra Pradesh – 10%
·
Other
States – 2%
Q5. Discuss the reserves, uses and
distribution of copper in India. Why is India considered deficient in this
mineral?
Answer:
Copper Reserves
·
India
has limited reserves
of copper.
·
Domestic
production is insufficient to meet industrial demand.
Properties of Copper
·
Malleable.
·
Ductile.
·
Excellent
conductor of electricity.
Uses
·
Electrical
cables.
·
Electronics.
·
Chemical
industries.
Distribution
·
Balaghat Mines – Madhya Pradesh.
·
Khetri Mines – Rajasthan.
·
Singhbhum District – Jharkhand.
Why is India Deficient in Copper?
·
Limited
reserves.
·
Low
production.
·
High
industrial demand.
·
India
depends on imports to meet its requirements.
Q6. Describe the formation, uses and
distribution of bauxite in India.
Answer:
Formation
·
Bauxite
is a clay-like mineral.
·
Formed
by decomposition of rocks rich in aluminium
silicates.
Uses
·
Main
ore of aluminium.
·
Aluminium
is:
o
Light
in weight.
o
Strong.
o
Good
conductor of electricity.
o
Malleable.
o
Resistant
to corrosion.
Distribution
·
Found
mainly in:
o
Amarkantak
Plateau
o
Maikal
Hills
o
Bilaspur–Katni
Plateau
Major Producing States (2018–19)
·
Odisha – 65% (largest
producer)
·
Jharkhand – 10%
·
Gujarat – 9%
·
Chhattisgarh – 6%
·
Maharashtra – 6%
·
Madhya Pradesh – 3%
Important Deposit
·
Panchpatmali, Koraput district
(Odisha) is the most important bauxite deposit.
Q7. What is mica? Describe its
properties, uses and the main mica-producing regions of India.
Answer:
Mica
·
Mica
is a mineral made up of a series of thin plates or leaves.
·
It
can be split into extremely thin sheets.
Properties
·
Excellent
dielectric strength.
·
Low
power loss factor.
·
Good
insulating property.
·
Resistant
to high voltage.
·
Available
in different colours such as clear, black, green, red-yellow and brown.
Uses
·
Used
in electrical and electronic industries.
·
Used
in electrical appliances and equipment.
·
Used
in electronic devices due to its insulating properties.
Distribution
·
Koderma–Gaya–Hazaribagh Belt (Jharkhand) – Largest
producer.
·
Ajmer Belt – Rajasthan.
·
Nellore Belt – Andhra Pradesh.
Q8. Explain the various hazards of
mining on human health and the environment.
Answer:
Hazards to Human Health
1.
Dust
and poisonous fumes cause pulmonary (lung) diseases.
2.
Mine
roof collapse may lead to accidents and deaths.
3.
Flooding
(inundation) inside mines threatens workers.
4.
Fire
accidents are common, especially in coal mines.
Environmental Hazards
1.
Mining
pollutes nearby water sources.
2.
Dumping
of waste and slurry degrades land.
3.
Mining
increases soil erosion.
4.
Rivers
and streams become polluted.
5.
Natural
vegetation is destroyed.
Conclusion
·
Strict
safety measures and environmental laws should be implemented to reduce mining
hazards.
Q9. Why is conservation of mineral
resources important? Suggest measures for their conservation.
Answer:
Importance of Conservation
1.
Mineral
resources are finite and non-renewable.
2.
Workable
mineral deposits form only about 1%
of the Earth's crust.
3.
Minerals
take millions of years to form.
4.
Increasing
extraction raises mining costs.
5.
Conservation
ensures availability for future generations.
Measures for Conservation
1.
Develop
technology to use low-grade ores.
2.
Recycle
metals.
3.
Use
scrap metals.
4.
Use
substitutes wherever possible.
5.
Promote
planned and sustainable mining.
Q10. Classify energy resources and
explain the significance of conventional sources in rural India.
Answer:
Classification of Energy Resources
1.
Conventional Sources
·
Firewood
·
Cattle
dung cake
·
Coal
·
Petroleum
·
Natural
gas
·
Hydel
and Thermal electricity
2.
Non-Conventional Sources
·
Solar
energy
·
Wind
energy
·
Tidal
energy
·
Geothermal
energy
·
Biogas
·
Atomic
energy
Significance in Rural India
1.
Firewood
and dung cake meet more than 70%
of rural household energy needs.
2.
Easily
available and inexpensive.
3.
Dependence
on firewood is increasing pressure on forests.
4.
Burning
dung cakes reduces the availability of manure for agriculture.
Q11. Describe the different types of
coal found in India based on carbon content and geological formation.
Answer:
Types of Coal
1.
Peat
·
Formed
from decaying plants in swamps.
·
Low
carbon content.
·
High
moisture content.
·
Low
heating capacity.
2.
Lignite
·
Low-grade
brown coal.
·
High
moisture content.
·
Found
mainly in Neyveli
(Tamil Nadu).
3.
Bituminous Coal
·
Most
commonly used commercial coal.
·
High
carbon content.
·
Used
in industries.
·
High-grade
bituminous coal is called Metallurgical
Coal.
4.
Anthracite
·
Highest
quality hard coal.
·
Highest
carbon content.
·
Highest
heating value.
Geological Classification
1.
Gondwana Coal
o
More
than 200 million years
old.
o
Main
source of metallurgical coal.
2.
Tertiary Coal
o
About
55 million years old.
o
Found
mainly in North-Eastern India.
Q12. Describe the distribution of
coal in India in detail.
Answer:
Importance of Coal
·
Coal
is India's most abundant fossil fuel.
·
Used
for power generation, industries and domestic purposes.
Types of Coal Deposits
1.
Gondwana Coal
·
More
than 200 million years
old.
·
Found
mainly in:
o
Damodar
Valley
o
Godavari
Valley
o
Mahanadi
Valley
o
Son
Valley
o
Wardha
Valley
Major Coalfields
·
Jharia
·
Raniganj
·
Bokaro
2.
Tertiary Coal
·
About
55 million years old.
·
Found
in:
o
Meghalaya
o
Assam
o
Arunachal
Pradesh
o
Nagaland
Location of Industries
·
Heavy
industries and thermal power plants are located near coalfields because:
1.
Coal
is bulky.
2.
It
loses weight after use.
3.
Transport
cost is reduced.
Q13. Explain the geological occurrence of petroleum
and describe its major producing regions in India.
Answer:
Geological
Occurrence of Petroleum
- Petroleum is the second most
important source of energy after coal.
- It is found in anticlines and
fault traps in tertiary rock formations.
- Oil is trapped in the crest of
the upfold (anticline).
- Natural gas generally occurs above
the oil.
- Petroleum is stored in porous
limestone or sandstone rocks.
Uses
of Petroleum
- Fuel for transport.
- Fuel for heating and lighting.
- Lubricants.
- Raw material for petrochemical
industries.
- Petroleum refineries act as a nodal
industry for textile, fertiliser and chemical industries.
Major
Petroleum-Producing Regions
- Mumbai High – Largest offshore oil field.
- Gujarat
- Ankleshwar (most important field)
- Kalol
- Cambay
- Assam
- Digboi
- Naharkatiya
- Moran-Hugrijan
Q14. Discuss the uses of natural gas and describe the
development of India's gas pipeline infrastructure.
Answer:
Uses
of Natural Gas
- Domestic fuel (PNG).
- Industrial fuel.
- Generation of electricity.
- Raw material for:
- Fertiliser industries
- Chemical industries
- Petrochemical industries
- Used as transport fuel (CNG).
Distribution
- Mumbai High and nearby offshore
fields.
- Cambay Basin (Gujarat).
- Krishna–Godavari Basin.
Gas
Pipeline Infrastructure
- First major pipeline: Hazira–Vijaipur–Jagdishpur
(HVJ).
- Length: 1,700 km.
- Constructed by GAIL (India).
- Connects Mumbai High and Bassein
gas fields with industries in western and northern India.
- India's gas pipeline network has
expanded to over 18,500 km and is expected to exceed 34,000 km.
Q15. Explain how electricity is generated in India,
distinguishing between hydro and thermal power.
Answer:
Electricity
Generation in India
- Electricity is an important
indicator of a country's development.
- It is generated mainly by Hydro
Power and Thermal Power.
1.
Hydroelectric Power
- Generated by fast-flowing water.
- Water drives hydro turbines.
- Renewable source of energy.
Examples
- Bhakra Nangal Project
- Damodar Valley Corporation
- Kopili Hydel Project
2.
Thermal Power
- Generated by burning fossil fuels.
- Uses:
- Coal
- Petroleum
- Natural Gas
- Non-renewable source of energy.
Difference
|
Hydroelectric
Power |
Thermal
Power |
|
Renewable |
Non-renewable |
|
Uses flowing water |
Uses fossil fuels |
|
Less pollution |
More pollution |
|
Eco-friendly |
Causes air
pollution |
Q16. Why is there a growing need for non-conventional
sources of energy in India? Discuss.
Answer:
Need
for Non-Conventional Energy
- Rapid increase in energy
consumption.
- Excessive dependence on fossil
fuels.
- Rising prices of coal, petroleum
and natural gas.
- Possibility of future energy
shortages.
- Increasing environmental
pollution.
- Climate change due to greenhouse
gas emissions.
Advantages
- Renewable and inexhaustible.
- Eco-friendly.
- Reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
- Ensure long-term energy security.
Examples
- Solar energy
- Wind energy
- Tidal energy
- Geothermal energy
- Biogas
- Biomass energy
Q17. Explain nuclear/atomic energy as a source of
power in India, including the minerals involved and their locations.
Answer:
Nuclear
Energy
- Produced by changing the structure
of atoms.
- Large amount of heat is released.
- Heat is used to generate
electricity.
Minerals
Used
- Uranium
- Thorium
Distribution
- Jharkhand – Uranium deposits.
- Aravalli Ranges (Rajasthan) – Uranium and Thorium.
- Monazite Sands (Kerala) – Rich in Thorium.
Importance
- Produces large amounts of
electricity.
- Reduces dependence on fossil
fuels.
- Useful for meeting future energy
demands.
Q18. Discuss the potential and development of solar
energy in India.
Answer:
Solar
Energy
- India is a tropical country with
abundant sunshine.
- Solar energy has enormous
potential.
Development
- Photovoltaic technology converts
sunlight into electricity.
- Solar power plants are being
established across the country.
- Widely used in rural and remote
areas.
Advantages
- Renewable source of energy.
- Pollution-free.
- Reduces dependence on firewood and
dung cakes.
- Conserves forests.
- Saves manure for agriculture.
- Low maintenance cost after
installation.
Conclusion
- Solar energy has a bright future
in India due to abundant sunlight and increasing demand for clean energy.
Q19. Describe the development and
distribution of wind power in India.
Answer:
Wind Power
·
Wind
energy is generated by using the force of moving air.
·
It
is a renewable and non-polluting source of energy.
Distribution of Wind Power
1.
Tamil Nadu has the largest
wind farm cluster in India.
2.
It
extends from Nagarcoil
to Madurai.
3.
Other
important wind power states are:
o
Andhra
Pradesh
o
Karnataka
o
Gujarat
o
Kerala
o
Maharashtra
o
Lakshadweep
Important Wind Energy Centres
·
Nagarcoil
(Tamil Nadu)
·
Jaisalmer
(Rajasthan)
Advantages
1.
Renewable
source of energy.
2.
Environment-friendly.
3.
Reduces
dependence on fossil fuels.
4.
Suitable
for coastal and hilly regions.
Q20. What is biogas? Explain its
production process, benefits, and significance for rural India.
Answer:
Biogas
·
Biogas
is produced from the decomposition of organic waste.
·
It
is commonly used in rural areas for domestic purposes.
Raw Materials Used
·
Shrubs
·
Farm
waste
·
Animal
waste
·
Human
waste
Production Process
1.
Organic
waste is collected.
2.
It
is decomposed by bacteria in the absence of oxygen.
3.
Biogas
is produced.
4.
The
remaining slurry is used as manure.
Benefits
1.
Higher
thermal efficiency than kerosene and dung cakes.
2.
Produces
clean fuel.
3.
Reduces
dependence on firewood.
4.
Protects
forests.
5.
Produces
high-quality organic manure.
Significance in Rural India
1.
Gobar
gas plants are widely used.
2.
Provide
energy for cooking and lighting.
3.
Improve
soil fertility through organic manure.
4.
Reduce
environmental pollution.
Q21. Explain the concept of tidal
energy and its locations of potential in India.
Answer:
Tidal Energy
·
Tidal
energy is generated from the rise and fall of ocean tides.
Working Process
1.
Floodgates
are built across sea inlets.
2.
During
high tide, seawater enters the inlet.
3.
The
water is trapped by closing the gates.
4.
During
low tide, trapped water flows back through turbines.
5.
The
turbines generate electricity.
Potential Areas in India
1.
Gulf
of Khambhat (Gujarat)
2.
Gulf
of Kachchh (Gujarat)
3.
Gangetic
Delta (Sunderban, West Bengal)
Advantages
1.
Renewable
source of energy.
2.
Pollution-free.
3.
Reliable
source in coastal regions.
Q22. Discuss geothermal energy—its
formation, harnessing process, and Indian projects.
Answer:
Geothermal Energy
·
Geothermal
energy is obtained from the heat inside the Earth.
Formation
1.
Temperature
increases with depth below the Earth's surface.
2.
Underground
water absorbs this heat.
3.
Water
changes into steam.
Harnessing Process
1.
Steam
comes to the surface.
2.
Steam
rotates turbines.
3.
Turbines
generate electricity.
Geothermal Projects in India
1.
Manikaran (Parvati Valley,
Himachal Pradesh)
2.
Puga Valley (Ladakh)
Advantages
1.
Renewable
source of energy.
2.
Eco-friendly.
3.
Available
throughout the year.
Q23. Why is India considered one of
the least energy-efficient countries? Suggest measures for energy conservation.
Answer:
Reasons
1.
Rapid
increase in energy consumption.
2.
Heavy
dependence on fossil fuels.
3.
Wastage
of electricity and fuel.
4.
Limited
use of renewable energy sources.
Measures for Energy Conservation
1.
Use
public transport instead of private vehicles.
2.
Switch
off electrical appliances when not in use.
3.
Use
energy-efficient appliances.
4.
Promote
renewable energy sources.
5.
Create
awareness about energy conservation.
Conclusion
·
"Energy saved is energy
produced."
Q24. Compare the roles of
geographers and geologists in the study of minerals. Why are minerals
classified?
Answer:
Role of Geographers
1.
Study
minerals as part of the Earth's crust.
2.
Focus
on the distribution of minerals.
3.
Study
their economic importance and related activities.
Role of Geologists
1.
Study
the formation of minerals.
2.
Determine
their age.
3.
Study
their physical and chemical properties.
Classification of Minerals
1.
Metallic Minerals
·
Ferrous
·
Non-ferrous
·
Precious
2.
Non-Metallic Minerals
3.
Energy Minerals
Importance of Classification
1.
Helps
in understanding distribution.
2.
Identifies
industrial uses.
3.
Assists
in extraction and conservation.
4.
Supports
economic planning.
Q25. Explain the factors that determine
whether a mineral deposit or reserve turns into a mine.
Answer:
Factors Determining a Mine
1.
Concentration of Minerals
o
The
ore should contain sufficient minerals for profitable extraction.
2.
Ease of Extraction
o
Minerals
should be easily accessible.
o
Mining
should be technically feasible.
3.
Availability of Transport
o
Good
transport facilities reduce the cost of mining.
4.
Proximity to Market
o
Nearness
to industries and markets reduces transportation expenses.
5.
Economic Viability
o
Extraction
should be commercially profitable.
Conclusion
·
A
mineral deposit or reserve becomes a mine
only when its extraction is economically
viable.
Q26. Discuss the uneven distribution
of minerals across India's major geological regions.
Answer:
Distribution of Minerals in India
1.
Peninsular Plateau
·
Rich
in:
o
Coal
o
Metallic
minerals
o
Mica
o
Other
non-metallic minerals
2.
Sedimentary Rocks
·
Located
along the western and eastern flanks of the Peninsula.
·
Rich
in petroleum deposits.
·
Major
areas:
o
Gujarat
o
Assam
3.
Rajasthan
·
Rich
in non-ferrous minerals.
·
Contains
minerals due to its ancient rock systems.
4.
Northern Alluvial Plains
·
Almost
devoid of economic minerals.
Reason for Uneven Distribution
1.
Differences
in geological structure.
2.
Different
geological processes.
3.
Long
period of mineral formation.
Q27. Explain the significance of the
toothpaste example given in the chapter in illustrating the importance of
minerals in daily life.
Answer:
Importance of Minerals in Toothpaste
1.
Silica
o
Used
as a cleaning agent.
2.
Limestone
o
Helps
clean teeth.
3.
Aluminium Oxide
o
Acts
as an abrasive.
4.
Phosphate Minerals
o
Help
in cleaning teeth.
5.
Fluorite
o
Provides
fluoride to prevent cavities.
6.
Titanium Oxide
o
Gives
toothpaste its white colour.
7.
Mica
o
Adds
sparkle to toothpaste.
8.
Petroleum Products
o
Toothbrushes
and toothpaste tubes are made from plastics derived from petroleum.
Conclusion
·
Even
a simple product like toothpaste depends on several mineral resources, showing
their importance in our daily life.
Q28. What are the two ways of
classifying energy resources? How do rising fossil fuel prices affect India's
energy policy?
Answer:
Classification of Energy Resources
1.
Conventional Sources
·
Firewood
·
Cattle
dung cake
·
Coal
·
Petroleum
·
Natural
gas
·
Hydel
electricity
·
Thermal
electricity
2.
Non-Conventional Sources
·
Solar
energy
·
Wind
energy
·
Tidal
energy
·
Geothermal
energy
·
Biogas
·
Atomic
energy
Impact of Rising Fossil Fuel Prices
1.
Increase
in energy costs.
2.
Dependence
on imported fuels increases.
3.
Energy
security becomes uncertain.
4.
Economic
growth may be affected.
5.
Greater
emphasis on renewable energy.
6.
Encourages
energy conservation.
Q29. Explain the differences between
Gondwana and Tertiary coal deposits in India.
Answer:
|
Gondwana
Coal |
Tertiary
Coal |
|
More than 200 million years old |
About 55 million years old |
|
Higher quality coal |
Comparatively lower
quality |
|
Mainly bituminous
(metallurgical) coal |
Mainly found in
North-Eastern India |
|
Found in the Damodar Valley |
Found in Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and
Nagaland |
|
Major coalfields: Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro |
Found in scattered
deposits of North-East India |
Conclusion
·
Gondwana
coal is older and of better quality, while Tertiary coal is younger and mainly
found in the North-Eastern states.
Q30. "Rich mineral deposits are
our country's extremely valuable but short-lived possessions." Explain
this statement with reference to mineral conservation.
Answer:
Explanation
1.
Mineral
resources are finite
and non-renewable.
2.
Workable
mineral deposits form only about 1%
of the Earth's crust.
3.
Minerals
take millions of years to form.
4.
Consumption
is much faster than their formation.
5.
Mining
becomes more expensive as deeper deposits are exploited.
6.
Ore
quality decreases with continuous extraction.
Measures for Mineral Conservation
1.
Develop
improved technology to use low-grade ores.
2.
Recycle
metals.
3.
Use
scrap metals.
4.
Use
substitutes wherever possible.
5.
Promote
scientific and planned mining.
6.
Ensure
sustainable use of mineral resources.
Conclusion
·
Mineral
resources should be used judiciously
to meet present needs without compromising the needs of future generations.
SECTION–D: ASSERTION–REASON BASED
QUESTIONS
Directions: Each question consists of two
statements—Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose the correct option.
Options:
- (a) Both A and R are true, and R is
the correct explanation of A.
- (b) Both A and R are true, but R is NOT
the correct explanation of A.
- (c) A is true, but R is false.
- (d) A is false, but R is true.
Q1.
Assertion
(A): Magnetite is the
finest iron ore.
Reason
(R): Magnetite has a very
high iron content (up to 70%) and excellent magnetic qualities, making it
especially valuable in the electrical industry.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and
R is the correct explanation of A.
Q2.
Assertion
(A): Bauxite is
classified as a residual mineral deposit.
Reason
(R): Bauxite is formed by
the decomposition of surface rocks, leaving behind a residual mass of weathered
material containing ores.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and
R is the correct explanation of A.
Q3.
Assertion
(A): Heavy industries and
thermal power stations are located on or near coalfields.
Reason
(R): Coal is a bulky
material that loses weight on use as it is reduced to ash.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and
R is the correct explanation of A.
Q4.
Assertion
(A): Gold, silver, tin
and platinum are commonly found in placer deposits.
Reason
(R): Placer deposits
contain minerals which are corroded easily by water.
Answer: (c) A is true, but R is false.
Explanation: Placer minerals are not
corroded by water; therefore, they remain in river sands and valley floors.
Q5.
Assertion
(A): Rat-hole mining has
been declared illegal by the National Green Tribunal.
Reason
(R): Rat-hole mining is
an unsafe and hazardous method of extracting coal practised in parts of
Meghalaya.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and
R is the correct explanation of A.
Q6.
Assertion
(A): India is critically
deficient in copper reserves and production.
Reason
(R): Copper is not used
in any major industry in India.
Answer: (c) A is true, but R is false.
Explanation: Copper is widely used in electrical
cables, electronics and chemical industries.
Q7.
Assertion
(A): Mineral resources
are considered finite and non-renewable.
Reason
(R): The rate of
replenishment of minerals through geological processes is extremely slow
compared to the present rate of consumption.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and
R is the correct explanation of A.
Q8.
Assertion
(A): Mica is an
indispensable mineral in the electrical and electronic industries.
Reason
(R): Mica has excellent
dielectric strength, low power loss factor and resistance to high voltage.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and
R is the correct explanation of A.
Q9.
Assertion
(A): Gypsum, potash salt
and sodium salt are sedimentary minerals.
Reason
(R): These minerals are
formed as a result of evaporation, especially in arid regions.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and
R is the correct explanation of A.
Q10.
Assertion
(A): The Kudremukh mines
in Karnataka are a 100% export unit.
Reason
(R): Iron ore from
Kudremukh is transported as slurry through a pipeline to a port near Mangaluru.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and
R is the correct explanation of A.
Q11.
Assertion
(A): Coal occurs in India
in rock series of two main geological ages—Gondwana and Tertiary.
Reason
(R): Gondwana coal is
younger than Tertiary coal.
Answer: (c) A is true, but R is false.
Explanation: Gondwana coal is over 200 million
years old, whereas Tertiary coal is about 55 million years old.
Q12.
Assertion
(A): Gas usually occurs
above oil in petroleum deposits.
Reason
(R): Gas is lighter than
oil.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and
R is the correct explanation of A.
Q13.
Assertion
(A): Petroleum refineries
are called a "nodal industry."
Reason
(R): Petroleum refineries
provide raw materials for synthetic textiles, fertilisers and numerous chemical
industries.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and
R is the correct explanation of A.
Q14.
Assertion
(A): Assam is the oldest
oil-producing state of India.
Reason
(R): Digboi, Naharkatiya
and Moran-Hugrijan are important oil fields in Assam.
Answer: (b) Both A and R are true, but
R is not the correct explanation of A.
Q15.
Assertion
(A): Hydroelectricity is
considered a renewable source of energy.
Reason
(R): It is generated by
fast-flowing water, which is a renewable resource.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and
R is the correct explanation of A.
Q16.
Assertion
(A): Uranium and Thorium
are used for generating nuclear power.
Reason
(R): These minerals are
found only in the Chota Nagpur Plateau of Jharkhand.
Answer: (c) A is true, but R is false.
Explanation: Uranium and Thorium are also found in
the Aravalli Ranges (Rajasthan), and Thorium is found in the Monazite
sands of Kerala.
Q17.
Assertion
(A): Tamil Nadu has the
largest wind farm cluster in India.
Reason
(R): The wind farm
cluster extends from Nagarcoil to Madurai.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and
R is the correct explanation of A.
Q18.
Assertion
(A): Biogas plants using
cattle dung are called Gobar Gas Plants.
Reason
(R): Biogas has lower
thermal efficiency than kerosene, dung cake and charcoal.
Answer: (c) A is true, but R is false.
Explanation: Biogas has higher thermal
efficiency than kerosene, dung cake and charcoal.
Q19.
Assertion
(A): The Gulf of Khambhat
and the Gulf of Kachchh provide ideal conditions for tidal energy.
Reason
(R): These regions
experience a large difference between high tide and low tide levels, making
them suitable for floodgate dams.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and
R is the correct explanation of A.
Q20.
Assertion
(A): India needs to
increase its use of non-conventional sources of energy.
Reason
(R): Rising prices and
possible shortages of oil and natural gas, along with environmental problems
caused by fossil fuels, make renewable energy essential.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and
R is the correct explanation of A.
********