4. The Age of Industrialisation
A. MCQs
1.
Who published the music book Dawn
of the Century in 1900?
A) James Watt
B) E.T. Paull
C) Richard Arkwright
D) Mathew Boulton
Answer: B) E.T. Paull
2.
The angel of progress in the picture symbolised:
A) War
B) Religion
C) Future and progress
D) Agriculture
Answer: C) Future and progress
3.
Aladdin in the trade magazine represented:
A) West and modernity
B) East and the past
C) Britain
D) Factory workers
Answer: B) East and the past
4.
Which country is known as the first industrial nation?
A) France
B) Germany
C) Britain
D) India
Answer: C) Britain
5.
What is meant by proto-industrialisation?
A) Factory production
B) Production before factories
C) Machine production
D) Export trade only
Answer: B) Production before factories
6.
During proto-industrialisation, merchants moved to:
A) Cities
B) Ports
C) Countryside
D) Colonies
Answer: C) Countryside
7.
Trade guilds were:
A) Associations of producers
B) Government offices
C) Factories
D) Banks
Answer: A) Associations of producers
8.
Guilds regulated:
A) Competition and prices
B) Agriculture
C) Religion
D) Education
Answer: A) Competition and prices
9.
Why did merchants turn to the countryside?
A) Cheap land
B) Guild restrictions in towns
C) Better roads
D) More factories
Answer: B) Guild restrictions in towns
10.
Peasants accepted merchants’ advances because:
A) They wanted luxury goods
B) They needed extra income
C) They disliked farming
D) They were forced by kings
Answer: B) They needed extra income
11.
Proto-industrial production supplemented:
A) Trade income
B) Factory income
C) Agricultural income
D) Tax income
Answer: C) Agricultural income
12.
Merchants in England purchased wool from:
A) Dyers
B) Weavers
C) Wool staplers
D) Fullers
Answer: C) Wool staplers
13.
London became famous as a:
A) Spinning centre
B) Finishing centre
C) Mining centre
D) Cotton-growing centre
Answer: B) Finishing centre
14.
Goods in the proto-industrial system were mainly produced:
A) In factories
B) In mines
C) On family farms
D) In ports
Answer: C) On family farms
15.
The earliest factories in England appeared by:
A) 1630s
B) 1730s
C) 1830s
D) 1930s
Answer: B) 1730s
16.
The first symbol of the new industrial era was:
A) Iron
B) Coal
C) Cotton
D) Steel
Answer: C) Cotton
17.
Britain's raw cotton imports increased rapidly between:
A) 1660 and 1687
B) 1760 and 1787
C) 1860 and 1887
D) 1900 and 1910
Answer: B) 1760 and 1787
18.
Who created the cotton mill?
A) James Watt
B) Henry Patullo
C) Richard Arkwright
D) James Hargreaves
Answer: C) Richard Arkwright
19.
Cotton mills brought all production processes:
A) Into villages
B) Under one roof
C) Into ports
D) Into colonies
Answer: B) Under one roof
20.
Mills helped improve:
A) Religious practices
B) Labour supervision and quality control
C) Agriculture
D) Foreign trade only
Answer: B) Labour supervision and quality
control
21.
Up to the 1840s, the leading industry in Britain was:
A) Steel
B) Iron
C) Cotton
D) Coal
Answer: C) Cotton
22.
After the 1840s, which industry led industrial growth?
A) Cotton
B) Iron and Steel
C) Jute
D) Tea
Answer: B) Iron and Steel
23.
By 1873, Britain exported iron and steel worth:
A) £17 million
B) £27 million
C) £57 million
D) £77 million
Answer: D) £77 million
24.
At the end of the nineteenth century, less than what percentage of workers were
in advanced industrial sectors?
A) 20%
B) 40%
C) 60%
D) 80%
Answer: A) 20%
25.
James Watt improved the:
A) Cotton Mill
B) Steam Engine
C) Fly Shuttle
D) Spinning Jenny
Answer: B) Steam Engine
26.
James Watt patented his improved steam engine in:
A) 1681
B) 1781
C) 1881
D) 1811
Answer: B) 1781
27.
Mathew Boulton was associated with:
A) Jute Industry
B) Steam Engine Manufacturing
C) Railway Construction
D) Tea Plantations
Answer: B) Steam Engine Manufacturing
28.
Why were steam engines adopted slowly?
A) Lack of coal
B) Expensive and unreliable technology
C) Government ban
D) Labour shortage
Answer: B) Expensive and unreliable
technology
29.
In Victorian Britain labour was:
A) Scarce
B) Expensive
C) Abundant
D) Unavailable
Answer: C) Abundant
30.
Industrialists preferred hand labour because:
A) Labour was cheap
B) Machines were free
C) Labour was scarce
D) Factories were banned
Answer: A) Labour was cheap
31.
Handmade goods symbolised:
A) Poverty
B) Refinement and class
C) Colonialism
D) Farming
Answer: B) Refinement and class
32.
Which country had labour shortages and preferred machines?
A) India
B) Britain
C) America
D) China
Answer: C) America
33.
The Spinning Jenny was invented by:
A) James Watt
B) Richard Arkwright
C) James Hargreaves
D) Henry Patullo
Answer: C) James Hargreaves
34.
The Spinning Jenny was invented in:
A) 1664
B) 1764
C) 1864
D) 1774
Answer: B) 1764
35.
Women attacked the Spinning Jenny because:
A) It increased wages
B) It reduced labour demand
C) It was expensive
D) It improved productivity
Answer: B) It reduced labour demand
36.
Before machine industries, international textile trade was dominated by:
A) Britain
B) France
C) India
D) Germany
Answer: C) India
37.
Surat connected India to:
A) Europe only
B) Gulf and Red Sea ports
C) China only
D) Africa only
Answer: B) Gulf and Red Sea ports
38.
Masulipatam was located on:
A) Gujarat Coast
B) Malabar Coast
C) Coromandel Coast
D) Konkan Coast
Answer: C) Coromandel Coast
39.
By the 1750s, the Indian trade network was breaking down because:
A) Famines
B) European companies gained power
C) Lack of demand
D) Poor harvests
Answer: B) European companies gained power
40.
Which company established monopoly trade rights in India?
A) Dutch East India Company
B) French Company
C) East India Company
D) Portuguese Company
Answer: C) East India Company
41.
The East India Company appointed whom to supervise weavers?
A) Jobbers
B) Gomasthas
C) Sepoys
D) Merchants
Answer: B) Gomasthas
42.
Gomasthas were responsible for:
A) Collecting taxes
B) Supervising weavers and collecting cloth
C) Running factories
D) Exporting goods
Answer: B) Supervising weavers and
collecting cloth
43.
The East India Company prevented weavers from:
A) Using looms
B) Buying raw materials
C) Selling to other buyers
D) Working at home
Answer: C) Selling to other buyers
44.
Advances given to weavers were:
A) Taxes
B) Loans for production
C) Salaries
D) Rewards
Answer: B) Loans for production
45.
Why did many weavers resent the gomasthas?
A) They paid high prices
B) They acted arrogantly and used force
C) They lived in villages
D) They reduced taxes
Answer: B) They acted arrogantly and used
force
46.
Some weavers responded to Company policies by:
A) Becoming soldiers
B) Deserting villages and migrating
C) Joining factories immediately
D) Moving to Britain
Answer: B) Deserting villages and migrating
47.
By the beginning of the nineteenth century, Indian textile exports:
A) Increased rapidly
B) Remained unchanged
C) Began to decline
D) Stopped completely
Answer: C) Began to decline
48.
In 1811–12, piece-goods accounted for about what percentage of India’s exports?
A) 3%
B) 13%
C) 33%
D) 53%
Answer: C) 33%
49.
By 1850–51, piece-goods accounted for only:
A) 3% of exports
B) 13% of exports
C) 23% of exports
D) 33% of exports
Answer: A) 3% of exports
50.
Manchester manufacturers wanted:
A) Free import of Indian cloth into
Britain
B) Import duties on foreign textiles
C) Closure of factories
D) More Indian exports
Answer: B) Import duties on foreign
textiles
51.
Manchester goods were:
A) Handmade
B) Produced by machines at low cost
C) Produced in India
D) Made from silk only
Answer: B) Produced by machines at low cost
52.
Indian weavers faced competition mainly from:
A) Chinese cloth
B) Manchester imports
C) Persian textiles
D) Japanese silk
Answer: B) Manchester imports
53.
The American Civil War began in:
A) 1757
B) 1815
C) 1861
D) 1914
Answer: C) 1861
54.
During the American Civil War, Britain turned to:
A) France
B) India
C) Germany
D) Japan
Answer: B) India
55.
The American Civil War caused the price of raw cotton in India to:
A) Fall sharply
B) Remain stable
C) Rise sharply
D) Become free
Answer: C) Rise sharply
56.
The first cotton mill in Bombay was established in:
A) 1754
B) 1854
C) 1884
D) 1904
Answer: B) 1854
57.
The first jute mill in Bengal was set up in:
A) 1755
B) 1805
C) 1855
D) 1905
Answer: C) 1855
58.
The Elgin Mill was started in:
A) Bombay
B) Kanpur
C) Madras
D) Calcutta
Answer: B) Kanpur
59.
Who made his fortune through the China trade before investing in industries?
A) G.D. Birla
B) Jamsetjee Tata
C) Dwarkanath Tagore
D) Hukumchand
Answer: C) Dwarkanath Tagore
60.
Which community played a major role in Bombay’s industrial growth?
A) Rajputs
B) Parsis
C) Jats
D) Ahoms
Answer: B) Parsis
61.
Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata initially earned wealth from:
A) Tea plantations
B) China trade and cotton exports
C) Mining
D) Railways
Answer: B) China trade and cotton exports
62.
Seth Hukumchand established:
A) First cotton mill
B) First Indian jute mill
C) First steel plant
D) First tea plantation
Answer: B) First Indian jute mill
63.
Before World War I, much of Indian industry was controlled by:
A) Indian farmers
B) European Managing Agencies
C) Kings and nawabs
D) Trade guilds
Answer: B) European Managing Agencies
64.
Which was NOT a European Managing Agency?
A) Bird Heiglers & Co.
B) Andrew Yule
C) Jardine Skinner & Co.
D) Tata Group
Answer: D) Tata Group
65.
In 1901, the number of factory workers in India was about:
A) 184,000
B) 384,000
C) 584,000
D) 784,000
Answer: C) 584,000
66.
By 1946, factory workers in India numbered over:
A) 1 million
B) 2.4 million
C) 3.4 million
D) 4.4 million
Answer: B) 2.4 million
67.
Most factory workers came from:
A) Foreign countries
B) Nearby villages and districts
C) Royal families
D) Europe
Answer: B) Nearby villages and districts
68.
Who recruited workers for factories?
A) Gomastha
B) Jobber
C) Sepoy
D) Merchant
Answer: B) Jobber
69.
A jobber was usually:
A) A government officer
B) A new worker
C) An old trusted worker
D) A trader
Answer: C) An old trusted worker
70.
European Managing Agencies mainly invested in:
A) Export-oriented industries
B) Education
C) Agriculture only
D) Banking only
Answer: A) Export-oriented industries
71.
Early Indian cotton mills mainly produced:
A) Silk cloth
B) Fine cotton cloth
C) Coarse cotton yarn
D) Woollen goods
Answer: C) Coarse cotton yarn
72.
The Swadeshi Movement encouraged people to:
A) Buy foreign goods
B) Boycott Indian goods
C) Boycott foreign goods
D) Stop trading
Answer: C) Boycott foreign goods
73.
Indian yarn exports declined because of competition from:
A) American mills
B) Chinese and Japanese mills
C) French mills
D) Russian mills
Answer: B) Chinese and Japanese mills
74.
Between 1900 and 1912, Indian cotton piece-goods production:
A) Declined
B) Remained unchanged
C) Doubled
D) Tripled
Answer: C) Doubled
75.
Industrial growth in India accelerated during:
A) Revolt of 1857
B) First World War
C) Second World War only
D) American Civil War
Answer: B) First World War
76.
During World War I, Indian factories supplied:
A) Cars only
B) Army requirements
C) Gold
D) Ships only
Answer: B) Army requirements
77.
Manchester imports declined during World War I because:
A) Britain was busy with war
production
B) India banned imports
C) Cotton disappeared
D) Factories closed permanently
Answer: A) Britain was busy with war
production
78.
After World War I, Manchester:
A) Fully recovered its old market
B) Lost its dominant position
C) Expanded rapidly in India
D) Took over Indian factories
Answer: B) Lost its dominant position
79.
In 1911, only about what percentage of industrial workers were in registered
factories?
A) 5%
B) 15%
C) 25%
D) 35%
Answer: A) 5%
80.
In 1931, factory workers formed about:
A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 30%
Answer: B) 10%
81.
Handloom cloth production between 1900 and 1940:
A) Declined
B) Doubled
C) Nearly trebled
D) Stopped
Answer: C) Nearly trebled
82.
Which innovation improved handloom productivity?
A) Steam Engine
B) Cotton Mill
C) Fly Shuttle
D) Power Loom
Answer: C) Fly Shuttle
83.
By 1941, more than what percentage of handlooms used fly shuttles?
A) 15%
B) 25%
C) 35%
D) 55%
Answer: C) 35%
84.
Wealthier consumers mainly purchased:
A) Coarse cloth
B) Fine varieties of cloth
C) Imported yarn
D) Jute bags
Answer: B) Fine varieties of cloth
85.
Which famous sari survived mill competition?
A) Chanderi
B) Banarasi
C) Kota
D) Sambalpuri
Answer: B) Banarasi
86.
Mills could not easily imitate:
A) Machine-made cloth
B) Specialised handwoven products
C) Yarn
D) Jute bags
Answer: B) Specialised handwoven products
87.
Advertisements helped:
A) Reduce production
B) Create markets for goods
C) Increase taxes
D) Close factories
Answer: B) Create markets for goods
88.
Labels on Manchester cloth indicated:
A) Religious beliefs
B) Place of manufacture and quality
C) Tax rates
D) Worker wages
Answer: B) Place of manufacture and quality
89.
"Made in Manchester" was intended to:
A) Reduce sales
B) Create buyer confidence
C) Increase taxes
D) Promote India
Answer: B) Create buyer confidence
90.
Manufacturers often used images of:
A) Factories only
B) Gods and goddesses
C) Rivers only
D) Mountains only
Answer: B) Gods and goddesses
91.
Images of gods on labels were meant to:
A) Oppose religion
B) Give divine approval and familiarity
C) Promote factories only
D) Increase taxes
Answer: B) Give divine approval and
familiarity
92.
Which advertising medium was widely used even by illiterate people?
A) Newspapers
B) Books
C) Calendars
D) Journals
Answer: C) Calendars
93.
Calendars remained visible:
A) For one day
B) For one week
C) Throughout the year
D) For one month
Answer: C) Throughout the year
94.
Advertisements also featured:
A) Scientists only
B) Emperors and nawabs
C) Farmers only
D) Teachers only
Answer: B) Emperors and nawabs
95.
Royal figures in advertisements symbolised:
A) Low quality
B) Prestige and quality
C) Poverty
D) Labour
Answer: B) Prestige and quality
96.
Indian advertisements often promoted:
A) Colonial rule
B) Swadeshi ideals
C) British products
D) Imports
Answer: B) Swadeshi ideals
97.
The slogan behind Swadeshi advertisements was:
A) Buy foreign goods
B) Buy only luxury goods
C) Buy Indian-made products
D) Stop production
Answer: C) Buy Indian-made products
98.
Industrialisation led to:
A) Growth of factories
B) New labour force
C) Technological change
D) All of these
Answer: D) All of these
99.
Despite industrialisation, an important role continued to be played by:
A) Hand technology and small-scale
production
B) Kings and queens
C) Guilds only
D) Agriculture only
Answer: A) Hand technology and small-scale
production
100.
The central message of the chapter is that:
A) Factories completely replaced
handicrafts
B) Industrialisation was a complex process involving both machines and hand
labour
C) Only Britain industrialised
D) Machines solved all problems
Answer: B) Industrialisation was a complex
process involving both machines and hand labour
B. Short Answer Questions
1. What is Proto-industrialisation?
- It was the phase before factory-based
industrialisation.
- Production was carried out in homes and
villages.
- Merchants supplied raw materials to peasants
and artisans.
- Goods were produced for international markets.
2. Why did merchants turn to the countryside?
- Trade guilds controlled production in towns.
- Guilds restricted new traders.
- Rural labour was easily available.
- Production costs were lower in villages.
3. What were trade guilds?
- Associations of skilled producers.
- Controlled quality and production.
- Regulated prices and competition.
- Restricted entry of new craftsmen.
4. Why did peasants accept work from merchants?
- Agricultural income was declining.
- Enclosures reduced access to common lands.
- Small plots provided little income.
- Merchant advances gave extra earnings.
5. How was the proto-industrial system organised?
- Merchants supplied raw materials.
- Production was done in rural households.
- Different workers performed different tasks.
- Finished goods were sold in international
markets.
6. Why was London called a finishing centre?
- Final processing of cloth was done there.
- Cloth was dyed and finished in London.
- Export merchants sold goods from London.
- It became an important trading centre.
7. Why did factory production increase in England?
- New inventions improved production.
- Demand for cotton increased.
- Factories brought all processes together.
- Machines increased efficiency.
8. What were the advantages of factories?
- Better supervision of workers.
- Improved quality control.
- Faster production.
- Easier management under one roof.
9. Why was cotton the leading sector of industrialisation?
- Demand for cotton cloth increased rapidly.
- Cotton mills used new technology.
- Raw cotton imports increased.
- Cotton production expanded greatly.
10. Why could traditional industries survive?
- Many products needed
human skills.
- New industries employed
few workers.
- Domestic production
continued.
- Small innovations
improved traditional industries.
11. Why did technological change occur slowly?
- Machines were expensive.
- Repairs were costly.
- Machines often broke
down.
- Industrialists were
cautious.
12. Explain the importance of the steam engine.
- Improved industrial
productivity.
- Used in cotton, mining and
iron industries.
- Symbolised industrial
progress.
- Helped mechanisation of
production.
13. Why did British industrialists prefer hand labour?
- Labour was cheap and
abundant.
- Machines required heavy
investment.
- Seasonal industries
needed temporary workers.
- Skilled labour produced
specialised goods.
14. Why were handmade products preferred by the rich?
- They were better finished.
- Reflected social status.
- Had unique designs.
- Symbolised refinement.
15. Why were machines not suitable for all products?
- Machines produced
standardised goods.
- Many products needed
skilled craftsmanship.
- Intricate designs
required hand labour.
- Consumers demanded
variety.
16. Describe the life of workers in Britain.
- Faced unemployment
frequently.
- Many migrated from
villages.
- Wages were often low.
- Living conditions were
poor.
17. Why was finding a job difficult?
- Too many job seekers.
- Jobs depended on personal
contacts.
- Factory vacancies were
limited.
- Seasonal unemployment was
common.
18. Why were workers hostile to machines?
- Machines reduced labour
demand.
- Fear of unemployment
increased.
- Traditional workers lost
jobs.
- Wages were threatened.
19. What was the Spinning Jenny?
- Invented by James
Hargreaves.
- Increased spinning speed.
- Produced several threads
at once.
- Reduced demand for
labour.
20. Why was India famous for textiles before industrialisation?
- Produced fine cotton and
silk.
- Dominated international
textile trade.
- Goods were of superior
quality.
- Exported to many regions.
21. What role did Indian merchants play in textile trade?
- Financed production.
- Supplied goods to ports.
- Gave advances to weavers.
- Connected villages with
markets.
22. Why did Surat decline?
- European companies gained
control.
- Trade shifted to Bombay
and Calcutta.
- Credit networks weakened.
- Exports declined sharply.
23. How did colonial rule affect Indian trade?
- European companies got
monopoly rights.
- Indian merchants lost
control.
- Traditional ports
declined.
- Trade came under European
dominance.
24. Why did the East India Company appoint gomasthas?
- To supervise weavers.
- To collect supplies
regularly.
- To check cloth quality.
- To control production.
25. How did the Company control weavers?
- Gave advances and loans.
- Prevented sales to other
buyers.
- Fixed prices.
- Used gomasthas for
supervision.
26. Why did weavers oppose the Company?
- Received low prices.
- Lost bargaining power.
- Faced harsh treatment.
- Became dependent on
Company loans.
27. What problems did Indian weavers face after 1850?
- Competition from
Manchester goods.
- Declining exports.
- High cotton prices.
- Growth of Indian
factories.
28. Why did Manchester goods dominate Indian markets?
- Produced by machines.
- Cheaper than handmade
goods.
- Mass production lowered
costs.
- British policies
supported imports.
29. How did the American Civil War affect Indian weavers?
- Cotton prices increased.
- Raw cotton became scarce.
- Production costs rose.
- Weavers suffered losses.
30. Who were the early Indian entrepreneurs?
- Dwarkanath Tagore.
- Jamsetjee Tata.
- Seth Hukumchand.
- G.D. Birla's family.
31. How was capital accumulated by Indian industrialists?
- China trade.
- Cotton exports.
- Opium trade.
- Internal commerce and
banking.
32. What were European Managing Agencies?
- Controlled major
industries.
- Mobilised capital.
- Managed companies.
- Took business decisions.
33. From where did factory workers come?
- Nearby villages.
- Agricultural regions.
- Artisan families.
- Migrants seeking work.
34. What was the role of a jobber?
- Recruited workers.
- Helped workers settle.
- Provided loans.
- Linked workers to
factories.
35. What was the impact of the Swadeshi Movement?
- Encouraged boycott of
foreign goods.
- Increased demand for
Indian products.
- Helped Indian industries.
- Promoted nationalism.
36. Why did industrial production increase during World War I?
- Manchester imports
declined.
- Indian mills got larger
markets.
- Demand for war supplies
increased.
- New factories were
established.
37. How did handloom industries survive?
- Adopted new technology.
- Produced specialised
products.
- Catered to wealthy
customers.
- Maintained traditional
designs.
38. What was the importance of the Fly Shuttle?
- Increased productivity.
- Reduced labour demand.
- Speeded up weaving.
- Improved competitiveness.
39. How did advertisements help manufacturers?
- Created demand for goods.
- Influenced consumers.
- Expanded markets.
- Built product
recognition.
40. How did Indian advertisements promote nationalism?
- Encouraged Swadeshi
goods.
- Linked products with
patriotism.
- Opposed foreign products.
- Supported Indian
industries.
C. Long Answer Questions
1. Explain the features of Proto-industrialisation.
- It existed before the
establishment of factories.
- Production was carried
out in rural households.
- Merchants supplied raw
materials to peasants and artisans.
- Goods were produced for
international markets.
- It linked towns and
villages through trade networks.
- Merchants controlled
production and marketing.
2. Why did merchants move to the countryside during the proto-industrial
phase?
- Guilds controlled
production in towns.
- New merchants faced
restrictions from guilds.
- Rural labour was abundant
and cheap.
- Peasants needed
additional income.
- Production costs were
lower in villages.
- Merchants could expand
production easily.
3. Describe the role of trade guilds in Europe.
- Guilds were associations
of producers.
- They trained craftsmen
and artisans.
- Controlled production and
quality.
- Regulated prices and
competition.
- Restricted entry into
trades.
- Enjoyed monopoly rights
granted by rulers.
4. Explain how the enclosure movement encouraged proto-industrialisation.
- Common lands were
enclosed.
- Peasants lost traditional
sources of livelihood.
- Small landholdings became
insufficient.
- Rural families searched
for extra income.
- Merchants provided
advances for production.
- Many households joined
proto-industrial work.
5. Describe the organisation of the proto-industrial system.
- Merchants purchased raw
materials.
- Wool passed through
several stages of production.
- Spinners, weavers,
fullers and dyers worked separately.
- Production was carried
out in homes.
- Merchants coordinated the
entire process.
- Finished goods were
exported internationally.
6. Explain the growth of cotton industries in Britain.
- Cotton became the leading
industrial sector.
- Demand for cotton cloth
increased rapidly.
- Raw cotton imports rose
sharply.
- New inventions improved
productivity.
- Stronger yarn and threads
were produced.
- Cotton mills expanded
factory production.
7. Discuss the importance of Richard Arkwright’s cotton mill.
- Introduced factory-based
production.
- Machines could be
installed centrally.
- Production was organised
under one roof.
- Improved supervision of
labour.
- Ensured better quality
control.
- Increased efficiency and
output.
8. Why did factories become important in England?
- Brought workers and
machines together.
- Increased production
speed.
- Improved management and
discipline.
- Reduced production
delays.
- Helped maintain quality
standards.
- Symbolised industrial
progress.
9. Explain the pace of industrialisation in Britain.
- Cotton and metal
industries grew rapidly.
- Traditional industries
continued alongside factories.
- Many workers remained
outside factories.
- Small innovations
supported growth.
- Technology spread
gradually.
- Industrialisation was
slower than often assumed.
10. Why did traditional industries survive despite industrialisation?
- Many goods required skilled craftsmanship.
- Factories could not produce every variety.
- Domestic production remained important.
- Consumer demand for handmade goods continued.
- Innovations improved traditional sectors.
- Large numbers of workers depended on them.
11. Why was the steam engine slow to gain acceptance?
- It was expensive to
install.
- Repairs were costly.
- Machines often
malfunctioned.
- Industrialists were
cautious investors.
- Benefits were initially
uncertain.
- Few industries adopted it
early.
12. Explain why industrialists preferred hand labour in Victorian Britain.
- Labour was abundant and
cheap.
- Machines required heavy
investment.
- Seasonal industries
needed temporary workers.
- Skilled workers made
specialised products.
- Handmade goods were in
demand.
- Human labour offered
flexibility.
13. Why were handmade goods valued in Victorian Britain?
- Associated with
refinement and status.
- Preferred by aristocrats
and bourgeoisie.
- Better finished than
machine-made goods.
- Had unique designs.
- Reflected craftsmanship.
- Symbolised social
prestige.
14. Describe the condition of workers during industrialisation in Britain.
- Many migrated to cities
seeking work.
- Employment was uncertain.
- Wages remained low.
- Living conditions were
poor.
- Seasonal unemployment was
common.
- Workers often faced
poverty.
15. Explain the impact of unemployment on workers.
- Many workers lacked
stable income.
- People slept in shelters
and refuges.
- Economic slumps increased
hardship.
- Workers depended on odd
jobs.
- Fear of job loss
increased insecurity.
- Poverty remained
widespread.
16. Why did workers oppose the Spinning Jenny?
- It reduced labour demand.
- Threatened traditional
spinning jobs.
- Women workers feared
unemployment.
- Lower demand reduced
earnings.
- Workers saw machines as
competitors.
- Attacks on machines
became common.
17. Explain the importance of Indian textiles before industrialisation.
- India dominated global textile trade.
- Produced fine cotton and silk fabrics.
- Goods were famous for quality.
- Exported to Asia, Europe and Africa.
- Supported a large artisan population.
- Generated wealth through trade.
18. Describe the trade network of Indian textiles.
- Merchants financed
production.
- Supply merchants
collected cloth.
- Goods were transported to
ports.
- Exporters sold products
abroad.
- Bankers financed trade
operations.
- Connected villages with international
markets.
19. Why did traditional Indian ports decline?
- European companies gained
power.
- Trade shifted to colonial
ports.
- Surat and Hoogly lost
importance.
- Credit networks weakened.
- Indian merchants suffered
losses.
- Colonial control changed
trade routes.
20. Explain the rise of Bombay and Calcutta.
- Became centres of
colonial trade.
- European companies
controlled commerce.
- Trade moved from older
ports.
- Infrastructure improved
rapidly.
- Attracted merchants and
workers.
- Reflected growth of
colonial power.
21. How did the East India Company establish control over weavers?
- Appointed gomasthas.
- Supervised production
directly.
- Gave advances to weavers.
- Prevented sales to other
traders.
- Fixed prices of cloth.
- Enforced monopoly
control.
22. Describe the role of gomasthas.
- Supervised weaving
activities.
- Collected cloth supplies.
- Checked quality of goods.
- Enforced Company
regulations.
- Controlled weavers
through advances.
- Often treated weavers
harshly.
23. Why did weavers revolt against the Company?
- Prices paid were very
low.
- Gomasthas behaved
arrogantly.
- Weavers lost bargaining
power.
- Forced contracts reduced
freedom.
- Physical punishment was
common.
- Debt increased
dependency.
24. Explain the decline of Indian textile exports.
- British industrialisation expanded.
- Import duties protected British goods.
- Manchester cloth flooded markets.
- Indian exports lost competitiveness.
- Demand for handmade goods fell.
- Colonial policies favoured Britain.
25. What problems did Indian weavers face in the nineteenth century?
- Declining export markets.
- Competition from
machine-made cloth.
- Rising raw cotton prices.
- Company control over
production.
- Reduced profits.
- Growth of factory
industries.
26. Explain the impact of the American Civil War on Indian weavers.
- Cotton exports increased.
- Raw cotton prices rose
sharply.
- Local weavers faced
shortages.
- Production became costly.
- Profit margins declined.
- Many suffered economic
hardship.
27. Describe the growth of factory industries in India.
- Cotton mills began in Bombay.
- Jute mills developed in Bengal.
- New industries emerged in Kanpur and
Ahmedabad.
- Production expanded steadily.
- Investment increased.
- Industrial centres developed.
28. Explain the contribution of Dwarkanath Tagore.
- Earned wealth through
China trade.
- Invested in industries.
- Established joint-stock
companies.
- Encouraged industrial
development.
- Represented early
entrepreneurship.
- Inspired future
industrialists.
29. Discuss the role of Jamsetjee Tata in industrialisation.
- Accumulated wealth
through trade.
- Invested in industries.
- Built a major industrial
empire.
- Promoted Indian
enterprise.
- Expanded manufacturing
activities.
- Became a leading
industrialist.
30. Explain the role of European Managing Agencies.
- Controlled major
industries.
- Mobilised investment
capital.
- Managed industrial
companies.
- Took important business
decisions.
- Dominated industrial
production.
- Limited Indian
participation.
31. Describe the sources of factory labour in India.
- Workers came from
villages.
- Peasants sought
employment.
- Artisans migrated to
cities.
- Seasonal migration was
common.
- Labour travelled long
distances.
- Factories attracted job
seekers.
32. Explain the jobber system.
- Jobbers recruited workers.
- Helped workers find employment.
- Assisted migrants in cities.
- Provided loans during crises.
- Exercised influence over workers.
- Sometimes demanded gifts and money.
33. What was the impact of the Swadeshi Movement on industries?
- Encouraged boycott of
foreign goods.
- Increased demand for
Indian products.
- Strengthened Indian
industries.
- Promoted nationalist
feelings.
- Encouraged tariff
protection.
- Expanded cloth
production.
34. Explain the impact of the First World War on Indian industries.
- Manchester imports
declined.
- Indian factories gained
markets.
- Demand for war supplies
increased.
- New factories were
established.
- Employment expanded.
- Industrial production
boomed.
35. Why could Manchester not regain its position after World War I?
- British industries weakened.
- Competition from other countries increased.
- Exports declined sharply.
- Indian industries became stronger.
- Local markets preferred domestic goods.
- Britain failed to modernise sufficiently.
36. Why did small-scale industries remain important in India?
- Majority worked outside
factories.
- Household production
continued.
- Traditional skills remained
valuable.
- Rural industries survived
competition.
- Small workshops were
widespread.
- Demand for handmade goods
persisted.
37. Explain how handloom industries survived in the twentieth century.
- Adopted new technology.
- Used fly shuttles.
- Increased productivity.
- Produced specialised
goods.
- Served wealthy consumers.
- Maintained traditional
designs.
38. Discuss the importance of the Fly Shuttle.
- Increased weaving speed.
- Improved productivity.
- Reduced labour
requirements.
- Lowered production costs.
- Helped compete with
mills.
- Widely adopted by
weavers.
39. Explain the role of advertisements in creating markets.
- Made products attractive.
- Created consumer demand.
- Built brand recognition.
- Expanded market reach.
- Influenced buying
behaviour.
- Promoted consumer culture.
40. How did advertisements support nationalism in India?
- Encouraged purchase of
Indian goods.
- Promoted Swadeshi ideals.
- Linked products with
patriotism.
- Opposed foreign products.
- Supported local
industries.
- Spread nationalist
messages.
D. Assertion–Reason Questions
1.
Assertion (A): Proto-industrialisation developed
before the growth of factories.
Reason (R):
Goods were produced by peasants and artisans in rural households for
international markets.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: A
2.
Assertion (A): Merchants moved production to the
countryside in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Reason (R):
Trade guilds in towns restricted production and controlled markets.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: A
3.
Assertion (A): Peasants willingly accepted work
offered by merchants.
Reason (R):
Their agricultural income was often insufficient for survival.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: A
4.
Assertion (A): London became known as a finishing
centre.
Reason (R):
Final stages of cloth processing were completed there before export.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: A
5.
Assertion (A): Cotton became the leading sector of
industrialisation in Britain.
Reason (R):
Demand for cotton goods increased rapidly and new inventions improved
production.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: A
6.
Assertion (A): Richard Arkwright’s cotton mill
changed textile production.
Reason (R):
It brought all stages of production under one roof.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: A
7.
Assertion (A): Traditional industries survived
even after industrialisation.
Reason (R):
Many goods required skilled hand labour and could not be fully mechanised.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: A
8.
Assertion (A): Steam engines spread rapidly across
all British industries.
Reason (R):
Industrialists immediately accepted new technology.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is false
Answer: D
9.
Assertion (A): British industrialists often
preferred hand labour over machines.
Reason (R):
Labour was cheap and easily available in Britain.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: A
10.
Assertion (A): Handmade goods were preferred by
the upper classes in Britain.
Reason (R):
Handmade goods symbolised refinement and status.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: A
11.
Assertion (A): Workers were hostile to new
machines.
Reason (R):
They feared unemployment and loss of income.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: A
12.
Assertion (A): Women workers attacked the Spinning
Jenny.
Reason (R):
The machine reduced the demand for hand spinning labour.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: A
13.
Assertion (A): India dominated the international
textile market before industrialisation.
Reason (R):
Indian cotton and silk textiles were famous for their quality.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: A
14.
Assertion (A): Surat declined by the end of the
eighteenth century.
Reason (R):
Trade shifted to Bombay and Calcutta under European control.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: A
15.
Assertion (A): The East India Company wanted
direct control over weavers.
Reason (R):
It wanted regular supplies at low costs and without competition.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: A
16.
Assertion (A): Gomasthas were appointed by the
East India Company.
Reason (R):
They supervised weavers and collected supplies.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: A
17.
Assertion (A): Many weavers revolted against the
Company.
Reason (R):
They received fair prices and freedom to sell to anyone.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: C
18.
Assertion (A): Indian textile exports declined in
the nineteenth century.
Reason (R):
Manchester-made cloth flooded Indian and international markets.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: A
19.
Assertion (A): Indian weavers suffered during the
American Civil War.
Reason (R):
Raw cotton prices increased sharply.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: A
20.
Assertion (A): The first cotton mill in Bombay was
established in 1854.
Reason (R):
Bombay became an important centre of industrial growth.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: B
21.
Assertion (A): Dwarkanath Tagore invested in
industries.
Reason (R):
He had earned wealth through the China trade.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: A
22.
Assertion (A): European Managing Agencies
controlled a large part of Indian industries.
Reason (R):
They mobilised capital and managed industrial enterprises.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: A
23.
Assertion (A): Most factory workers came from
nearby villages.
Reason (R):
Peasants and artisans migrated in search of employment.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: A
24.
Assertion (A): Jobbers played an important role in
factory recruitment.
Reason (R):
They helped workers get jobs and settle in cities.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: A
25.
Assertion (A): The Swadeshi Movement helped Indian
industries.
Reason (R):
It encouraged the boycott of foreign goods.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: A
26.
Assertion (A): Industrial production in India
increased during the First World War.
Reason (R):
Manchester imports declined and Indian factories received more orders.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: A
27.
Assertion (A): Small-scale industries disappeared
after the growth of factories.
Reason (R):
Most industrial workers were employed in registered factories.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is false but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: C
28.
Assertion (A): Handloom production expanded during
the twentieth century.
Reason (R):
Weavers adopted technologies like the fly shuttle.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: A
29.
Assertion (A): Advertisements played an important
role in expanding markets.
Reason (R):
They created new needs and influenced consumers.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: A
30.
Assertion (A): Indian advertisements often carried
nationalist messages.
Reason (R):
They encouraged people to buy Indian-made products.
A) Both A and R are true and R is
the correct explanation of A
B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
C) A is true but R is false
D) A is false but R is true
Answer: A
********