4. Turning
Tides
(11th
and 12th Centuries)
A.
MCQs
1. Why are the
11th and 12th centuries considered a turning point in Indian history?
A. Beginning of
British rule
B. Arrival of Turkic invasions and new political changes
C. Discovery of sea routes
D. End of agriculture
Answer:
B. Arrival of Turkic invasions and new political changes
2. Which dynasty
resisted invasions through the Khyber Pass?
A. Cholas
B. Hoysalas
C. Hindu Shāhis
D. Senas
Answer:
C. Hindu Shāhis
3. The capital of
the Ghaznavids was:
A. Delhi
B. Ghazni
C. Ajmer
D. Kannauj
Answer:
B. Ghazni
4. Mahmūd of
Ghazni defeated Jayapāla in:
A. 1192
B. 1025
C. 1001
D. 1206
Answer:
C. 1001
5. Who succeeded
Jayapāla against Mahmūd of Ghazni?
A. Bhoja
B. Ānandapāla
C. Rājendra Chola
D. Suheldev
Answer:
B. Ānandapāla
6. Mahmūd of
Ghazni carried out how many campaigns in India?
A. 10
B. 12
C. 17
D. 25
Answer:
C. 17
7. Which temple
did Mahmūd destroy in Gujarat?
A. Jagannātha Temple
B. Konark Temple
C. Somnath Temple
D. Brihadīśvara Temple
Answer:
C. Somnath Temple
8. The title
“Sultan” means:
A. Priest
B. Commander
C. Authority or power
D. Warrior
Answer:
C. Authority or power
9. Mahmūd’s army
was especially strong because of:
A. Naval attacks
B. Horse cavalry and archers
C. Elephant forces
D. Gunpowder
Answer:
B. Horse cavalry and archers
10. Which scholar
accompanied Mahmūd to India?
A. Kalidasa
B. Bhāskara
C. Al-Bīrūnī
D. Banabhatta
Answer:
C. Al-Bīrūnī
11. Al-Bīrūnī was
originally from:
A.
Persia/Uzbekistan region
B. Bengal
C. Gujarat
D. Tamil Nadu
Answer:
A. Persia/Uzbekistan region
12. Al-Bīrūnī
translated which text into Arabic?
A. Ramayana
B. Yogasūtras
C. Mahabharata
D. Arthashastra
Answer:
B. Yogasūtras
13.
Bhāskarāchārya was famous as a:
A. Poet only
B. Mathematician and astronomer
C. Warrior
D. Sculptor
Answer:
B. Mathematician and astronomer
14. Which book of
Bhāskarāchārya teaches mathematics through riddles?
A. Bījagaṇita
B. Līlāvatī
C. Arthashastra
D. Meghaduta
Answer:
B. Līlāvatī
15.
Siddhāntaśhiromaṇi deals mainly with:
A. Politics
B. Astronomy
C. Medicine
D. Warfare
Answer:
B. Astronomy
16. The Sena
dynasty ruled mainly over:
A. Punjab
B. Bengal
C. Gujarat
D. Kashmir
Answer:
B. Bengal
17. The capital
of the Senas was:
A. Nadia
B. Dhar
C. Warangal
D. Kalyani
Answer:
A. Nadia
18. Jayadeva
wrote:
A. Līlāvatī
B. Mānasollāsa
C. Gītagovindam
D. Yogasūtras
Answer:
C. Gītagovindam
19. The Eastern
Gangas built the:
A. Somnath Temple
B. Jagannātha Temple
C. Brihadīśvara Temple
D. Thousand Pillar Temple
Answer:
B. Jagannātha Temple
20. The Konark
Sun Temple was built by:
A. Cholas
B. Hoysalas
C. Eastern Gangas
D. Kākatīyas
Answer:
C. Eastern Gangas
21. The capital
of the Kākatīyas was:
A. Ajmer
B. Warangal
C. Thanjavur
D. Belur
Answer:
B. Warangal
22. The Thousand
Pillar Temple is located at:
A. Hanamkonda
B. Konark
C. Madurai
D. Ajmer
Answer:
A. Hanamkonda
23. The Kākatīyas
promoted literature in:
A. Tamil
B. Sanskrit only
C. Telugu
D. Persian
Answer:
C. Telugu
24. The Hoysalas
belonged mainly to present-day:
A. Kerala
B. Karnataka
C. Odisha
D. Punjab
Answer:
B. Karnataka
25. The Hoysala
capital Dvārasamudra is today called:
A. Mysuru
B. Halebidu
C. Patan
D. Dhar
Answer:
B. Halebidu
26. “Poy, Sāla”
means:
A. Worship Sāla
B. Run Sāla
C. Strike Sāla
D. Save Sāla
Answer:
C. Strike Sāla
27. The Hoysala
temples are famous for:
A. Wooden carvings
B. Intricate stone carvings
C. Paintings only
D. Brick architecture
Answer:
B. Intricate stone carvings
28. Rājarāja
Chola ruled from:
A. 985 CE
B. 1192 CE
C. 1206 CE
D. 1055 CE
Answer:
A. 985 CE
29. The
Brihadīśvara Temple was built at:
A. Madurai
B. Kanchi
C. Thanjavur
D. Belur
Answer:
C. Thanjavur
30. Rājarāja
Chola conquered:
A. Tibet
B. Maldives
C. Kabul
D. Assam
Answer:
B. Maldives
31. Rājendra
Chola I expanded the empire towards:
A. Tibet
B. Bengal and Odisha
C. Afghanistan
D. Kashmir
Answer:
B. Bengal and Odisha
32.
“Gangaikoṇḍachola” means:
A. Lord of Oceans
B. Chola who brought the Ganga
C. King of Sri Lanka
D. Lord of Temples
Answer:
B. Chola who brought the Ganga
33. The Chola
naval expedition targeted:
A. Ghazni
B. Sri Lanka
C. Śhrīvijaya Empire
D. Delhi
Answer:
C. Śhrīvijaya Empire
34. The Strait of
Malacca was important because:
A. It had gold
mines
B. It controlled sea trade routes
C. It had forests
D. It was a pilgrimage route
Answer:
B. It controlled sea trade routes
35. Which king
drove the Cholas out of Sri Lanka?
A. Vijayabāhu I
B. Bhoja
C. Jayapala
D. Suheldev
Answer:
A. Vijayabāhu I
36. The Paramāras
ruled from:
A. Bengal
B. Malwa
C. Odisha
D. Assam
Answer:
B. Malwa
37. The capital
of the Paramāras was:
A. Dhar
B. Ajmer
C. Nadia
D. Vengi
Answer:
A. Dhar
38. Bhoja was
famous as:
A. Only a warrior
B. Scholar-king
C. Trader
D. Monk
Answer:
B. Scholar-king
39. Bhojeshwar
Temple was built by:
A. Bhoja
B. Rajendra Chola
C. Basava
D. Someshvara
Answer:
A. Bhoja
40. Samarāṅgaṇa
Sūtradhāra is related to:
A. Architecture
and town planning
B. Music only
C. Trade
D. Warfare only
Answer:
A. Architecture and town planning
41. Muhammad
Ghūrī belonged to:
A. Ghazni
B. Ghor region of Afghanistan
C. Delhi
D. Bengal
Answer:
B. Ghor region of Afghanistan
42. Muhammad
Ghūrī was defeated in Gujarat by:
A. Bhoja
B. Mūlarāja II
C. Prithviraj
D. Rajendra Chola
Answer:
B. Mūlarāja II
43. The
Chāhamānas are also known as:
A. Solankis
B. Chauhāns
C. Senas
D. Pālas
Answer:
B. Chauhāns
44. The capital
of the Chauhāns was:
A. Ajmer
B. Delhi
C. Dhar
D. Patan
Answer:
A. Ajmer
45. Prithviraj
Chauhan defeated Muhammad Ghūrī in:
A. First Battle of
Tarain
B. Second Battle of Tarain
C. Battle of Panipat
D. Battle of Talikota
Answer:
A. First Battle of Tarain
46. The Second
Battle of Tarain took place in:
A. 1008
B. 1025
C. 1192
D. 1206
Answer:
C. 1192
47. After
defeating Prithviraj, Muhammad Ghūrī captured:
A. Bengal
B. Delhi
C. Kashmir
D. Odisha
Answer:
B. Delhi
48. Qutb-ud-din
Aibak later founded:
A. Mughal Empire
B. Delhi Sultanate
C. Mauryan Empire
D. Vijayanagara Empire
Answer:
B. Delhi Sultanate
49. Bakhtiyār
Khiljī destroyed:
A. Somnath only
B. Nalanda and Vikramashila
C. Konark Temple
D. Khajuraho Temples
Answer:
B. Nalanda and Vikramashila
50. Nālandā was
mainly a:
A. Fort
B. Temple
C. University and monastery
D. Palace
Answer:
C. University and monastery
51. Bakhtiyār
Khiljī was defeated in:
A. Gujarat
B. Kāmarūpa
C. Sri Lanka
D. Odisha
Answer:
B. Kāmarūpa
52. The economy
of this period mainly depended on:
A. Industry
B. Agriculture
C. Banking
D. Mining
Answer:
B. Agriculture
53. Mānasollāsa
was written by:
A. Bhoja
B. Someshvara III
C. Bhāskara
D. Jayadeva
Answer:
B. Someshvara III
54. Kandariya
Mahādeva Temple is located at:
A. Khajuraho
B. Belur
C. Puri
D. Warangal
Answer:
A. Khajuraho
55.
Rāmānujāchārya promoted:
A. Buddhism
B. Viśhiṣhṭādvaita philosophy
C. Jainism
D. Sufism
Answer:
B. Viśhiṣhṭādvaita philosophy
56. Basaveśhvara
founded the:
A. Bhakti movement
B. Lingāyat movement
C. Sufi order
D. Sikh movement
Answer:
B. Lingāyat movement
57. Basavaṇṇa
opposed:
A. Education
B. Agriculture
C. Caste distinctions and ritualism
D. Trade
Answer:
C. Caste distinctions and ritualism
58. Basavaṇṇa
wrote poems in:
A. Tamil
B. Telugu
C. Kannada
D. Sanskrit
Answer:
C. Kannada
59. Angkor Wat is
located in:
A. India
B. Thailand
C. Cambodia
D. Indonesia
Answer:
C. Cambodia
60. Angkor Wat
was originally dedicated to:
A. Shiva
B. Buddha
C. Vishnu
D. Ganesha
Answer:
C. Vishnu
61. Which route
connected India to Central Asia?
A. Silk Route
B. Khyber Pass
C. Malacca Strait
D. Deccan Route
Answer:
B. Khyber Pass
62. Which Chola
ruler sent diplomatic missions to China?
A. Rājarāja Chola
B. Rājendra Chola I
C. Vijayabahu
D. Bhoja
Answer:
B. Rājendra Chola I
63. Which dynasty
promoted village self-governance?
A. Kākatīyas
B. Senas
C. Ghaznavids
D. Ghūrids
Answer:
A. Kākatīyas
64. The Cholas
were mainly:
A. Vaishnavites
B. Buddhists
C. Shaivites
D. Jains
Answer:
C. Shaivites
65. Which ruler
built a huge lake near Bhopal?
A. Bhoja
B. Rājarāja Chola
C. Prithviraj
D. Basava
Answer:
A. Bhoja
66. Which
language was widely used for scholarly works during this period?
A. English
B. Sanskrit
C. French
D. Urdu
Answer:
B. Sanskrit
67. Which invader
sought long-term territorial control in India?
A. Mahmūd of
Ghazni
B. Muhammad Ghūrī
C. Timur
D. Nadir Shah
Answer:
B. Muhammad Ghūrī
68. Which dynasty
built Belur and Halebidu temples?
A. Cholas
B. Hoysalas
C. Senas
D. Eastern Gangas
Answer:
B. Hoysalas
69. Merchant
guilds during this period:
A. Disappeared
completely
B. Controlled only villages
C. Supported trade and expeditions
D. Worked only for kings
Answer:
C. Supported trade and expeditions
70. The major
lesson of this period highlighted in the chapter is:
A. Importance of
foreign rule
B. Decline of Indian culture
C. Resilience and creativity despite conflict
D. End of trade
Answer:
C. Resilience and creativity despite conflict
B. Short Answer Questions
1. Why are the 11th and 12th centuries called a
transitional period in Indian history?
Answer:
- Turkic
invasions changed political conditions in north India.
- New
powers like Ghaznavids and Ghūrids emerged.
- Islam
spread into the Indian subcontinent.
- Indian
trade, culture, and temple building still continued strongly.
2. What was the importance of the Khyber Pass?
Answer:
- It
connected India with Central Asia.
- Traders
and Buddhist monks travelled through it.
- Many
invaders entered India through this pass.
- Hindu
Shāhis guarded it for many years.
3. Mention any four features of Mahmūd of Ghazni’s
invasions.
Answer:
- He
conducted 17 campaigns in India.
- He
attacked rich temples and cities.
- He
looted wealth and took prisoners.
- He did
not establish permanent rule in India.
4. Why did Mahmūd attack temples like Somnath?
Answer:
- Temples
contained huge wealth and treasures.
- He
wanted plunder and booty.
- He
wished to spread his version of Islam.
- Temples
were important political and religious centres.
5. Write a short note on al-Bīrūnī.
Answer:
- He was
a Persian scholar and traveller.
- He
accompanied Mahmūd of Ghazni to India.
- He
learned Sanskrit and studied Indian texts.
- He
wrote about Indian religion, science, and culture.
6. Explain the contributions of Bhāskarāchārya.
Answer:
- He was
a great mathematician and astronomer.
- He
wrote Līlāvatī and Bījagaṇita.
- His
books explained mathematics with examples and riddles.
- His
works influenced scholars for centuries.
7. Describe the achievements of the Eastern Gangas.
Answer:
- They
became a strong power in eastern India.
- They
built the Jagannātha Temple at Puri.
- They
started construction of the Konark Sun Temple.
- Their
kingdom extended from the Ganga to the Godavari.
8. Mention four features of Kākatīya administration.
Answer:
- They
ruled from Warangal.
- They
encouraged village self-governance.
- They
developed irrigation systems.
- They
promoted Telugu literature and temple architecture.
9. Why are the Hoysalas famous in Indian history?
Answer:
- They
ruled much of Karnataka.
- They
built beautifully carved temples at Belur and Halebidu.
- They
encouraged Kannada literature.
- Their
temples are UNESCO World Heritage sites.
10. What were the achievements of Rājarāja Chola?
Answer:
- He
expanded the Chola Empire greatly.
- He
conquered northern Sri Lanka and Maldives.
- He
built the Brihadīśvara Temple at Thanjavur.
- He
encouraged overseas trade and cultural contacts.
11. Explain the importance of Rājendra Chola’s naval
expedition.
Answer:
- He
attacked the Śhrīvijaya Empire in Southeast Asia.
- The
expedition protected Chola trade routes.
- It
showed the strength of the Chola navy.
- It
increased Indian influence overseas.
12. Write a short note on King Bhoja.
Answer:
- Bhoja
was the famous ruler of the Paramāras.
- He
supported scholars, poets, and scientists.
- He
built Bhojeshwar Temple and a large lake near Bhopal.
- He
wrote books on architecture and governance.
13. Why is the Second Battle of Tarain important?
Answer:
- It was
fought in 1192.
- Muhammad
Ghūrī defeated Prithviraj Chauhan.
- Delhi
came under Turkic control afterward.
- It
paved the way for the Delhi Sultanate.
14. What was the role of Qutb-ud-din Aibak?
Answer:
- He was
Muhammad Ghūrī’s trusted general.
- He
expanded Ghūrid control in north India.
- He
later founded the Delhi Sultanate.
- He
consolidated Turkish power in India.
15. Why was Nālandā University important?
Answer:
- It was
a famous centre of Buddhist learning.
- Students
came from many countries to study there.
- It had
a huge library with lakhs of manuscripts.
- It
promoted education, philosophy, and science.
16. What happened during Bakhtiyār Khiljī’s attack on
Nālandā?
Answer:
- Nālandā
University was heavily destroyed.
- Many
monks and scholars were killed.
- The
famous library burned for months.
- Buddhism
declined further in India afterward.
17. Describe the economic life of India during this
period.
Answer:
- Agriculture
remained the main occupation.
- Trade
with China and Southeast Asia increased.
- Merchant
guilds became powerful.
- Ports
and shipbuilding centres developed.
18. What were the teachings of Rāmānujāchārya?
Answer:
- He
preached Viśhiṣhṭādvaita philosophy.
- He
believed devotion (bhakti) leads to liberation.
- He
accepted the reality of the world and soul.
- His
ideas influenced the Bhakti movement.
19. Explain the contributions of Basaveśhvara.
Answer:
- He
founded the Lingāyat movement.
- He
opposed caste discrimination and ritualism.
- He
preached equality of men and women.
- He
wrote vachanas in Kannada language.
20. Mention two examples each of change and continuity
during this period.
Answer:
Changes:
- Arrival
of Turkic invasions.
- Spread
of Islam in north India.
Continuities:
- Growth
of trade and agriculture continued.
- Temple
building and literature flourished.
C. Long Answer Questions
1. Explain the major political changes that took place in
India during the 11th and 12th centuries.
Answer:
- Turkic
invasions by Mahmūd of Ghazni and Muhammad Ghūrī changed north Indian
politics.
- New
powers such as the Ghaznavids and Ghūrids emerged.
- Delhi
and large parts of north India came under foreign rule.
- Islam
became part of India’s religious landscape.
- Powerful
Indian kingdoms like the Cholas, Hoysalas, and Kākatīyas continued to
flourish in south India.
- Trade,
culture, and temple architecture continued despite conflicts.
2. Describe Mahmūd of Ghazni’s invasions and their impact
on India.
Answer:
- Mahmūd
conducted 17 invasions into India during the 11th century.
- He
defeated the Hindu Shāhis and gained access to north India.
- He
attacked wealthy cities and temples such as Mathura and Somnath.
- His
campaigns involved large-scale plunder, destruction, and killing.
- Many
prisoners were taken and sold as slaves in Central Asia.
- His
invasions weakened several north Indian kingdoms and disturbed learning
centres.
3. Write a detailed note on al-Bīrūnī and his
contributions.
Answer:
- Al-Bīrūnī
was a Persian scholar, mathematician, astronomer, and historian.
- He
accompanied Mahmūd of Ghazni to India around 1017 CE.
- He
learned Sanskrit and studied Indian religious and scientific texts.
- He
wrote a detailed account of Indian society, philosophy, geography, and
sciences.
- He
translated Patanjali’s Yogasūtras into Arabic.
- His
writings helped spread knowledge about India to the Islamic world.
4. Discuss the achievements of Bhāskarāchārya.
Answer:
- Bhāskarāchārya
was one of India’s greatest mathematicians and astronomers.
- He
wrote important works like Līlāvatī, Bījagaṇita, and Siddhāntaśhiromaṇi.
- Līlāvatī
explained mathematics using riddles and examples.
- He made
important contributions to algebra and astronomy.
- His
books were translated into Persian during the Mughal period.
- His
methods influenced scholars in India and abroad for centuries.
5. Explain the rise and achievements of the Chola Empire.
Answer:
- The
Cholas became a powerful dynasty in south India under Rājarāja Chola.
- They
conquered parts of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives.
- Rājarāja
built the Brihadīśvara Temple at Thanjavur.
- Rājendra
Chola expanded the empire further into Bengal and Odisha.
- The
Cholas developed a strong navy and overseas trade relations.
- They
carried Indian culture and influence to Southeast Asia.
6. Describe Rājendra Chola’s naval expedition and its
importance.
Answer:
- Rājendra
Chola launched a naval expedition against the Śhrīvijaya Empire.
- The
conflict was linked to control of sea trade routes through the Strait of
Malacca.
- The
Chola navy defeated Śhrīvijaya forces and captured their capital.
- Merchant
guilds supported the expedition.
- The
campaign protected Indian trade interests in Southeast Asia.
- It
showed the military and naval strength of the Chola Empire.
7. Write a detailed note on the Hoysalas and their
cultural achievements.
Answer:
- The
Hoysalas ruled large parts of present-day Karnataka.
- Their
capitals were Belur and Halebidu.
- They
became independent under King Viṣhṇuvardhana.
- The
Hoysalas promoted Kannada literature and culture.
- Their
temples are famous for detailed stone carvings and sculptures.
- The
temples at Belur, Halebidu, and Somanathapura are UNESCO heritage
monuments.
8. Explain the administration and achievements of the
Kākatīyas.
Answer:
- The
Kākatīyas ruled Telangana and Andhra Pradesh from Warangal.
- They
promoted efficient local administration and village self-governance.
- They
developed irrigation systems that increased agricultural prosperity.
- Telugu
literature received royal support.
- They
built important monuments like the Thousand Pillar Temple.
- Their
forts and gateways displayed impressive architecture.
9. Discuss the achievements of King Bhoja of the Paramāra
dynasty.
Answer:
- Bhoja
ruled Malwa for nearly fifty years.
- He was
known as a scholar-king and patron of learning.
- He
built the Bhojeshwar Temple and a large lake near Bhopal.
- He
wrote books on architecture, governance, and medicine.
- His
capital Dhar became a centre of education and culture.
- His
reputation as a wise ruler became legendary in Indian folklore.
10. Explain the causes and results of the Second Battle
of Tarain.
Answer:
- Muhammad
Ghūrī wanted to expand his control into north India.
- Prithviraj
Chauhan defeated him in the First Battle of Tarain in 1191.
- Ghūrī
returned in 1192 with a larger army.
- In the
Second Battle of Tarain, Prithviraj was defeated and executed.
- Delhi
came under Turkish control after the battle.
- The
victory paved the way for the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate.
11. Describe the role of Muhammad Ghūrī in Indian
history.
Answer:
- Muhammad
Ghūrī conquered Punjab, Sindh, and Delhi.
- Unlike
Mahmūd of Ghazni, he aimed at territorial expansion.
- He
defeated Prithviraj Chauhan in 1192.
- He left
generals like Qutb-ud-din Aibak to govern conquered territories.
- His
campaigns established lasting Turkish rule in north India.
- His
conquests led to the rise of the Delhi Sultanate.
12. Explain the destruction of Nālandā and its effects.
Answer:
- Bakhtiyār
Khiljī attacked Nālandā during his eastern campaigns.
- Monasteries
and libraries were destroyed.
- Thousands
of manuscripts were burned.
- Many
monks and scholars were killed or forced to flee.
- The
attack weakened Buddhist education in India.
- It
contributed greatly to the decline of Buddhism in the subcontinent.
13. Discuss the trade and economic conditions of India
during this period.
Answer:
- Agriculture
remained the backbone of the economy.
- Trade
with China and Southeast Asia increased greatly.
- Merchant
guilds became wealthy and influential.
- Ports
on the west and east coasts developed rapidly.
- Indian
ships carried goods across the Indian Ocean.
- Irrigation
works by rulers improved agricultural production.
14. Explain the cultural developments during the 11th and
12th centuries.
Answer:
- Temple
architecture flourished across India.
- Literary
works were produced in Sanskrit and regional languages.
- Scholars
like Bhāskarāchārya and Bhoja contributed to science and literature.
- Bhakti
saints spread devotional movements.
- Trade
helped spread Indian culture abroad.
- Southeast
Asian kingdoms adopted Indian artistic and religious traditions.
15. Describe the teachings and importance of
Rāmānujāchārya.
Answer:
- Rāmānujāchārya
was a philosopher-saint of south India.
- He
preached the philosophy of Viśhiṣhṭādvaita Vedānta.
- He
believed devotion to God leads to salvation.
- He
challenged the Advaita philosophy of Śhankarāchārya.
- His
teachings made religion more accessible to ordinary people.
- He
influenced later Bhakti movements across India.
16. Explain the teachings and reforms of Basaveśhvara.
Answer:
- Basaveśhvara
founded the Lingāyat movement in Karnataka.
- He
opposed caste discrimination and ritual practices.
- He
promoted equality among men and women.
- He
emphasized honest work and devotion to God.
- His
vachanas in Kannada spread moral and spiritual teachings.
- He
established the Anubhava Maṇḍapa for public discussions.
17. Compare Mahmūd of Ghazni and Muhammad Ghūrī.
Answer:
- Mahmūd
mainly conducted raids for plunder and wealth.
- Muhammad
Ghūrī aimed to establish political control in India.
- Mahmūd
returned to Ghazni after every invasion.
- Ghūrī
left governors and generals in India.
- Mahmūd
attacked temples like Somnath for treasure.
- Ghūrī’s
victories led to the Delhi Sultanate.
18. Explain the importance of temple architecture during
this period.
Answer:
- Temples
became centres of religion, culture, and economy.
- Kings
built temples to show power and devotion.
- Famous
temples included Brihadīśvara, Konark, and Khajuraho temples.
- Temple
walls displayed detailed sculptures and carvings.
- Temples
supported education, art, and music.
- Indian
temple architecture influenced Southeast Asia.
19. Discuss the influence of Indian culture on Southeast
Asia.
Answer:
- Indian
traders and scholars travelled to Southeast Asia.
- Hinduism
and Buddhism spread to countries like Cambodia and Indonesia.
- Sanskrit
inscriptions appeared in Southeast Asian kingdoms.
- Angkor
Wat reflects Indian temple architecture and mythology.
- Indian
epics like the Ramayana influenced local traditions.
- Cultural
exchanges strengthened peaceful relations between regions.
20. What lessons do we learn from the 11th and 12th
centuries?
Answer:
- India
faced invasions and political instability.
- Many
cities, temples, and universities were destroyed.
- Yet
trade, literature, science, and art continued to flourish.
- Indian
society showed resilience during difficult times.
- Cultural
traditions survived and spread abroad.
- The
period teaches the importance of knowledge, creativity, and unity.
D.
Assertion–Reason Questions
Directions:
Choose the correct
option:
A. Both Assertion
(A) and Reason (R) are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true, but R is false.
D. A is false, but R is true.
1.
Assertion
(A): The Khyber Pass was important in Indian history.
Reason (R): It connected India with Central Asia and was used
by invaders and traders.
Answer:
A
2.
Assertion
(A): Mahmūd of Ghazni established a permanent empire in India.
Reason (R): He was mainly interested in plunder and raids.
Answer:
D
3.
Assertion
(A): Al-Bīrūnī learned Sanskrit during his stay in India.
Reason (R): He wanted to study Indian religion, science, and philosophy.
Answer:
A
4.
Assertion
(A): Bhāskarāchārya was a famous astronomer and mathematician.
Reason (R): He wrote books like Līlāvatī and Bījagaṇita.
Answer:
A
5.
Assertion
(A): The Cholas maintained a strong navy.
Reason (R): They wanted to control overseas trade routes.
Answer:
A
6.
Assertion
(A): Rājendra Chola attacked the Śhrīvijaya Empire.
Reason (R): Trade competition existed over the Strait of
Malacca.
Answer:
A
7.
Assertion
(A): The Hoysala temples are famous worldwide.
Reason (R): Their temples contain detailed stone carvings and
sculptures.
Answer:
A
8.
Assertion
(A): The Kākatīyas promoted village self-governance.
Reason (R): They wanted to improve administration and
agriculture.
Answer:
A
9.
Assertion
(A): Bhoja was called a scholar-king.
Reason (R): He wrote books on architecture, medicine, and
governance.
Answer:
A
10.
Assertion
(A): Muhammad Ghūrī’s invasions had a long-term political impact on
India.
Reason (R): He left governors to control conquered
territories.
Answer:
A
11.
Assertion
(A): Prithviraj Chauhan defeated Muhammad Ghūrī in the Second Battle
of Tarain.
Reason (R): Muhammad Ghūrī returned with a larger army in
1192.
Answer:
D
12.
Assertion
(A): Nālandā was an important Buddhist centre of learning.
Reason (R): Students from many countries came there for
education.
Answer:
A
13.
Assertion
(A): Bakhtiyār Khiljī’s attack weakened Buddhism in India.
Reason (R): He destroyed Nālandā and Vikramaśhilā
universities.
Answer:
A
14.
Assertion
(A): Agriculture remained the backbone of India’s economy.
Reason (R): Most people depended on farming and irrigation
works.
Answer:
A
15.
Assertion
(A): Rāmānujāchārya emphasized devotion to God.
Reason (R): He developed the philosophy of Viśhiṣhṭādvaita
Vedānta.
Answer:
A
16.
Assertion
(A): Basaveśhvara opposed caste discrimination.
Reason (R): He believed all people had equal spiritual
potential.
Answer:
A
17.
Assertion
(A): Angkor Wat reflects Indian cultural influence in Southeast Asia.
Reason (R): The temple contains Sanskrit inscriptions and
Hindu themes.
Answer:
A
18.
Assertion
(A): Mahmūd of Ghazni attacked Somnath Temple.
Reason (R): Temples often stored enormous wealth and treasures.
Answer:
A
19.
Assertion
(A): Internal and external trade declined completely during this
period.
Reason (R): Merchant guilds continued to support trade
activities.
Answer:
D
20.
Assertion
(A): The 11th and 12th centuries witnessed both change and continuity.
Reason (R): Political invasions occurred, but art, literature,
and trade continued to flourish.
Answer:
A
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