2. Nationalism in India
A.
MCQs
Part 1: The First World War & Satyagraha
1.
Which year did Mahatma Gandhi return to India from South Africa?
o
(a) 1913
o
(b) 1914
o
(c) 1915
o
(d) 1916
2.
According to the Census of 1921, how many people perished due to famines
and the influenza epidemic?
o
(a) 5 to 7 million
o
(b) 8 to 10 million
o
(c) 12 to 13 million
o
(d) 20 million
3.
What was the "forced recruitment" mentioned in the context of
WWI?
o
(a) Forcing people to pay taxes
o
(b) Forcing people in rural areas to join the army
o
(c) Forcing students to leave schools
o
(d) Forcing merchants to trade in British goods
4.
In which year did Gandhiji travel to Champaran to inspire peasants against
the plantation system?
o
(a) 1916
o
(b) 1917
o
(c) 1918
o
(d) 1919
5.
The Kheda Satyagraha was organized to support peasants who could not pay
revenue due to:
o
(a) Indigo cultivation
o
(b) High customs duties
o
(c) Crop failure and plague epidemic
o
(d) Salt tax
6.
The idea of Satyagraha emphasizes:
o
(a) The use of physical force
o
(b) The power of truth and non-violence
o
(c) Vengeance against the oppressor
o
(d) Armed rebellion
7.
Where was the Satyagraha of 1918 organized for cotton mill workers?
o
(a) Champaran
o
(b) Kheda
o
(c) Ahmedabad
o
(d) Amritsar
8.
Prices of essential goods doubled during the war years between:
o
(a) 1910 and 1915
o
(b) 1913 and 1918
o
(c) 1915 and 1920
o
(d) 1919 and 1924
Part 2: The Rowlatt Act & Jallianwala Bagh
9.
The Rowlatt Act of 1919 allowed the detention of political prisoners
without trial for:
o
(a) One year
o
(b) Two years
o
(c) Three years
o
(d) Five years
10. On which date did the
nationwide Hartal against the Rowlatt Act begin?
o
(a) 10 April
o
(b) 13 April
o
(c) 6 April
o
(d) 1 May
11. Who took command of Amritsar
and imposed Martial Law in 1919?
o
(a) Lord Irwin
o
(b) General Dyer
o
(c) Sir John Simon
o
(d) Lord Curzon
12. Why did villagers gather at
Jallianwala Bagh on 13 April 1919?
o
(a) To celebrate Eid
o
(b) To join the army
o
(c) To attend the Baisakhi fair and protest peacefully
o
(d) To attack British officials
13. What was Dyer’s stated
objective for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre?
o
(a) To kill all Indian leaders
o
(b) To stop the Baisakhi fair
o
(c) To produce a "moral effect" of terror and awe
o
(d) To enforce the salt tax
14. Which city saw the police
firing upon a peaceful procession on 10 April 1919?
o
(a) Delhi
o
(b) Bombay
o
(c) Amritsar
o
(d) Calcutta
15. What did the British force
Satyagrahis to do during the repression following Jallianwala Bagh?
o
(a) Pay double taxes
o
(b) Rub their noses on the ground and crawl
o
(c) Leave the country
o
(d) Join the British navy
Part 3: Khilafat &
Non-Cooperation Movement
16. The Khilafat Committee was
formed in which city in March 1919?
o
(a) Calcutta
o
(b) Lucknow
o
(c) Bombay
o
(d) Madras
17. Who were the two main leaders
of the Khilafat Movement?
o
(a) Gandhi and Nehru
o
(b) Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali
o
(c) Jinnah and Aga Khan
o
(d) Abul Kalam Azad and Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
18. At which Congress session was
the Non-Cooperation programme finally adopted?
o
(a) Calcutta, Sept 1920
o
(b) Nagpur, Dec 1920
o
(c) Madras, 1921
o
(d) Lahore, 1929
19. Who wrote the famous book Hind
Swaraj (1909)?
o
(a) Jawaharlal Nehru
o
(b) Subhas Chandra Bose
o
(c) Mahatma Gandhi
o
(d) Rabindranath Tagore
20. What was the main premise of
the book Hind Swaraj?
o
(a) Indians must use violence to gain freedom
o
(b) British rule survived only because of Indian cooperation
o
(c) The British would leave India by 1920
o
(d) India should become a monarchy
21. Which province did NOT boycott
the council elections during the Non-Cooperation Movement?
o
(a) Bengal
o
(b) Madras
o
(c) United Provinces
o
(d) Punjab
22. The "Justice Party"
of Madras belonged to:
o
(a) Brahmans
o
(b) Non-Brahmans
o
(c) Muslims
o
(d) Dalits
23. The value of foreign cloth
imports dropped from Rs 102 crore to ____ between 1921-22.
o
(a) Rs 80 crore
o
(b) Rs 40 crore
o
(c) Rs 57 crore
o
(d) Rs 10 crore
24. Why did the Non-Cooperation
Movement slow down in towns?
o
(a) People were tired of walking
o
(b) Khadi was too expensive for the poor
o
(c) The British lowered the taxes
o
(d) All leaders were arrested
25. What does the term
"Picket" mean?
o
(a) To burn foreign goods
o
(b) To block the entrance to a shop or office
o
(c) To go on a hunger strike
o
(d) To give up government titles
Part 4: Rebellion in the
Countryside & Plantations
26. Who led the peasants in Awadh?
o
(a) Alluri Sitaram Raju
o
(b) Baba Ramchandra
o
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru
o
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
27. Baba Ramchandra was a sanyasi
who had earlier been an indentured labourer in:
o
(a) South Africa
o
(b) Fiji
o
(c) Mauritius
o
(d) Ceylon
28. What was the main demand of
the Awadh peasant movement?
o
(a) Higher wages
o
(b) Reduction of revenue and abolition of begar
o
(c) Separate electorates
o
(d) Use of foreign cloth
29. "Oudh Kisan Sabha"
was headed by Jawaharlal Nehru and:
o
(a) Shaukat Ali
o
(b) Baba Ramchandra
o
(c) Alluri Sitaram Raju
o
(d) C.R. Das
30. In the Gudem Hills of Andhra
Pradesh, a militant guerrilla movement spread under the leadership of:
o
(a) Baba Ramchandra
o
(b) Alluri Sitaram Raju
o
(c) Matangini Hazra
o
(d) Subhas Chandra Bose
31. Alluri Sitaram Raju claimed he
was an incarnation of God because:
o
(a) He could speak many languages
o
(b) He had special powers like healing and surviving bullets
o
(c) He was a great dancer
o
(d) He had met the British King
32. Raju was inspired by the
Non-Cooperation Movement but believed India could be liberated only by:
o
(a) Non-violence
o
(b) Use of force
o
(c) Prayer
o
(d) Singing songs
33. Under which Act were
plantation workers in Assam not permitted to leave tea gardens?
o
(a) Rowlatt Act
o
(b) Government of India Act 1919
o
(c) Inland Emigration Act of 1859
o
(d) Forest Act
34. What did "Swaraj"
mean to the plantation workers of Assam?
o
(a) Higher salaries
o
(b) Right to move freely and link with their villages
o
(c) Permission to drink liquor
o
(d) Voting rights
35. Alluri Sitaram Raju was executed
in the year:
o
(a) 1921
o
(b) 1922
o
(c) 1924
o
(d) 1930
Part 5: Towards Civil Disobedience
36. Why did Gandhi withdraw the
Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922?
o
(a) He was arrested
o
(b) The British agreed to all demands
o
(c) The movement was turning violent
o
(d) He wanted to start the Salt March
37. Who formed the "Swaraj
Party" within the Congress?
o
(a) Gandhi and Nehru
o
(b) C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru
o
(c) J.L. Nehru and S.C. Bose
o
(d) Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Shaukat Ali
38. Why was the Simon Commission
boycotted by Indians?
o
(a) It was led by a British man
o
(b) It did not have a single Indian member
o
(c) It supported the Salt Tax
o
(d) It arrived too late
39. In which year did the Simon
Commission arrive in India?
o
(a) 1927
o
(b) 1928
o
(c) 1929
o
(d) 1930
40. When was the "Purna
Swaraj" (Full Independence) resolution passed?
o
(a) Nagpur Session, 1920
o
(b) Calcutta Session, 1920
o
(c) Lahore Session, Dec 1929
o
(d) Bombay Session, 1942
41. Who was the President of the
Congress during the Lahore Session in 1929?
o
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
o
(b) Motilal Nehru
o
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru
o
(d) Subhas Chandra Bose
42. 26 January 1930 was declared
to be celebrated as:
o
(a) Republic Day
o
(b) Independence Day
o
(c) Salt Day
o
(d) Non-Violence Day
43. Agricultural prices began to
fall from 1926 and collapsed after:
o
(a) 1928
o
(b) 1929
o
(c) 1930
o
(d) 1932
44. Lord Irwin offered
"Dominion Status" for India in:
o
(a) January 1928
o
(b) August 1929
o
(c) October 1929
o
(d) March 1931
Part 6: Salt March & Civil Disobedience
45. How many demands did Gandhi
state in his letter to Viceroy Irwin on 31 Jan 1930?
o
(a) 5
o
(b) 10
o
(c) 11
o
(d) 21
46. Gandhi’s Salt March covered a
distance of:
o
(a) 100 miles
o
(b) 150 miles
o
(c) 240 miles
o
(d) 500 miles
47. How many "trusted
volunteers" accompanied Gandhi on the Dandi March?
o
(a) 11
o
(b) 50
o
(c) 78
o
(d) 100
48. On which date did Gandhi
ceremonially violate the Salt Law at Dandi?
o
(a) 12 March
o
(b) 6 April
o
(c) 13 April
o
(d) 15 August
49. Who is known as the
"Frontier Gandhi"?
o
(a) Muhammad Ali
o
(b) Abdul Ghaffar Khan
o
(c) Abul Kalam Azad
o
(d) Shaukat Ali
50. In which city did angry crowds
face armoured cars after Abdul Ghaffar Khan’s arrest?
o
(a) Sholapur
o
(b) Bombay
o
(c) Peshawar
o
(d) Amritsar
51. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was
signed on:
o
(a) 26 January 1930
o
(b) 5 March 1931
o
(c) 13 April 1931
o
(d) 8 August 1942
52. In which Round Table
Conference did Gandhi participate?
o
(a) First
o
(b) Second
o
(c) Third
o
(d) Fourth
53. Who were the
"Patidars" and "Jats"?
o
(a) Industrial workers
o
(b) Rich peasant communities
o
(c) Dalit leaders
o
(d) British officials
54. The Federation of the Indian
Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) was formed in:
o
(a) 1920
o
(b) 1925
o
(c) 1927
o
(d) 1930
55. Industrial workers
participated in CDM in large numbers only in:
o
(a) Bombay
o
(b) Calcutta
o
(c) Nagpur
o
(d) Madras
Part 7: Limits of Civil Disobedience & Unity
56. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar organized
the Dalits into the:
o
(a) Swaraj Party
o
(b) Khilafat Committee
o
(c) Depressed Classes Association
o
(d) Justice Party
57. The Poona Pact (Sept 1932) was
signed between Gandhi and:
o
(a) Lord Irwin
o
(b) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
o
(c) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
o
(d) Jawaharlal Nehru
58. What did the Poona Pact give
to the Depressed Classes?
o
(a) Separate Electorates
o
(b) Reserved seats in councils but voted by general electorate
o
(c) Their own country
o
(d) Exemption from all taxes
59. Who was the leader of the
Muslim League who was willing to give up separate electorates for reserved
seats?
o
(a) Shaukat Ali
o
(b) Abul Kalam Azad
o
(c) Muhammad Ali Jinnah
o
(d) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
60. Who strongly opposed the
compromise between Congress and Muslim League in 1928?
o
(a) Motilal Nehru
o
(b) M.R. Jayakar
o
(c) B.R. Ambedkar
o
(d) C.R. Das
Part 8: Collective Belonging & Symbols
61. Who first created the image of
"Bharat Mata"?
o
(a) Abanindranath Tagore
o
(b) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
o
(c) Rabindranath Tagore
o
(d) Natesa Sastri
62. Who painted the famous image
of Bharat Mata portraying her as an ascetic?
o
(a) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
o
(b) Abanindranath Tagore
o
(c) Ravi Varma
o
(d) Nandlal Bose
63. The song "Vande
Mataram" was included in which novel?
o
(a) Hind Swaraj
o
(b) Discovery of India
o
(c) Anandamath
o
(d) Gitanjali
64. "The Folklore of Southern
India" was published by:
o
(a) Rabindranath Tagore
o
(b) Mahatma Gandhi
o
(c) Natesa Sastri
o
(d) Bankim Chandra
65. The Swaraj Flag designed by
Gandhi in 1921 had a ______ in the centre.
o
(a) Crescent moon
o
(b) Lotus
o
(c) Spinning wheel
o
(d) Lion
Part 9: Quit India Movement
66. The "Quit India"
resolution was first passed in July 1942 at:
o
(a) Bombay
o
(b) Wardha
o
(c) Nagpur
o
(d) Calcutta
67. On which date was the Quit
India Movement officially launched in Bombay?
o
(a) 14 July 1942
o
(b) 8 August 1942
o
(c) 15 August 1942
o
(d) 26 January 1942
68. What was the famous slogan
given by Gandhiji during the Quit India Movement?
o
(a) Jai Hind
o
(b) Swaraj is my birthright
o
(c) Do or Die
o
(d) Inquilab Zindabad
69. Who among these was a woman
leader in the Quit India Movement from Assam?
o
(a) Matangini Hazra
o
(b) Kanaklata Barua
o
(c) Rama Devi
o
(d) Sarojini Naidu
70. How long did it take for the
British to suppress the Quit India Movement?
o
(a) One month
o
(b) Six months
o
(c) More than a year
o
(d) Five years
B.
Short Type Questions with Answer
Section A: The
First World War & Satyagraha
1. How did the
First World War create a new economic situation in India?
·
Defense Expenditure: It led to a huge rise in
defense expenditure, which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes.
·
Price Hike: Prices increased doubling
between 1913 and 1918, leading to extreme hardship for the common people.
·
Forced Recruitment: Rural areas were forced to
supply soldiers, causing widespread anger.
2. Explain the
"Idea of Satyagraha."
·
Power of Truth: It emphasized the power of
truth and the need to search for truth.
·
Non-violence: It suggested that if the
cause was true and the struggle was against injustice, physical force was not
necessary.
·
Appeal to Conscience: A satyagrahi could win the
battle through non-violence by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.
3. Describe the three
early satyagraha movements led by Gandhiji.
·
Champaran (1917): To inspire peasants to
struggle against the oppressive indigo plantation system.
·
Kheda (1917): To support peasants affected
by crop failure and a plague epidemic who could not pay revenue.
·
Ahmedabad (1918): To organize a satyagraha
movement amongst cotton mill workers for better wages.
Section B: Rowlatt Act & Jallianwala Bagh
4. Why was the
Rowlatt Act (1919) called an "unjust law"?
·
Hasty Passage: It was hurriedly passed
through the Imperial Legislative Council despite united Indian opposition.
·
Repressive Powers: It gave the government
enormous powers to repress political activities.
·
Detention without Trial: It allowed the
detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
5. What were the
circumstances leading to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre?
·
Martial Law: After protests turned violent
in Amritsar on April 10, Martial Law was imposed under General Dyer.
·
Baisakhi Gathering: On April 13, a crowd gathered
in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh to protest and attend the Baisakhi
fair.
·
Dyer’s Entry: Dyer blocked the exit points
and opened fire on the crowd to "produce a moral effect" of terror.
6. What were the
effects of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre on the people?
·
Strikes and Clashes: News spread quickly, leading
to strikes, clashes with police, and attacks on government buildings.
·
Government Repression: The British responded with
brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and terrorize people.
·
Resignation: National leaders (like
Rabindranath Tagore) renounced their titles in protest.
Section C: Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM)
7. Why did
Gandhiji support the Khilafat issue?
·
Unified Struggle: Gandhi saw it as an
opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement.
·
Hindu-Muslim Unity: He felt no broad-based
movement could be organized without bringing the two communities closer.
·
Expansion of NCM: By joining Khilafat with
Non-Cooperation, the movement gained massive strength.
8. Explain the
three stages of the Non-Cooperation Movement as proposed by Gandhi.
·
Surrender of Titles: The movement was to begin
with the surrender of titles awarded by the government.
·
Boycott: A boycott of civil services,
army, police, courts, legislative councils, and schools.
·
Civil Disobedience: In case of government
repression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.
9. Why did the
Non-Cooperation Movement slow down in the cities?
·
Expensive Khadi: Khadi cloth was often more
expensive than mass-produced mill cloth; the poor could not afford it.
·
Lack of Institutions: Alternative Indian
institutions (schools/courts) were slow to come up.
·
Return to Work: Students, teachers, and
lawyers eventually trickled back to government-controlled institutions.
Section D: Rebellion in the Countryside
10. What were the
grievances of the peasants of Awadh?
·
High Rents: Talukdars and landlords
demanded exorbitantly high rents and other cesses.
·
Begar: Peasants were forced to work
at landlords' farms without any payment.
·
Insecurity of Tenure: Tenants were regularly
evicted so they could acquire no right over the leased land.
11. Who was Alluri
Sitaram Raju? Why was he popular?
·
Special Powers: He claimed he could make
correct astrological predictions and heal people.
·
Gandhi’s Influence: He was inspired by the
Non-Cooperation Movement and persuaded people to wear khadi and give up
drinking.
·
Militant Leadership: He led the Gudem rebels in
guerrilla warfare, claiming India could only be liberated by force.
12. Explain the
"Inland Emigration Act of 1859" in the context of plantation workers.
·
Restriction: Under this Act, plantation
workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission.
·
Rare Permission: Such permission was rarely
granted, making the plantations a confined prison.
·
Interpretation of Swaraj: For them,
Swaraj meant the right to move freely and return to their home villages.
Section E: Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM)
13. Why was the
Simon Commission boycotted in India?
·
No Indian Member: The commission, meant to look
into India's constitutional system, was composed entirely of British members.
·
Insult to Sovereignty: Indians felt it was an insult
that they had no say in their own constitutional future.
·
Unified Opposition: All parties, including the
Congress and the Muslim League, opposed it with the slogan "Go Back
Simon."
14. Mention the
significance of the Lahore Session of the Congress (1929).
·
Purna Swaraj: Under the presidency of
Jawaharlal Nehru, the Congress formalized the demand for "Full
Independence."
·
Independence Day: It was declared that January
26, 1930, would be celebrated as Independence Day.
·
New Pledge: People were asked to take a
pledge to struggle for complete independence.
15. Why did
Gandhiji choose "Salt" as a symbol of resistance?
·
Universal Consumption: Salt was something consumed
by the rich and the poor alike.
·
Essential Food Item: It was one of the most
essential items of food, making it easy for everyone to relate.
·
Government Monopoly: The tax on salt and the
government monopoly over its production revealed the "oppressive
face" of British rule.
16. How was the
Civil Disobedience Movement different from the Non-Cooperation Movement?
·
Breaking Laws: In NCM, people were asked not
to cooperate; in CDM, they were asked to actively break colonial laws.
·
Salt Law: Thousands broke the salt law
by manufacturing salt.
·
Refusal of Taxes: Peasants refused to pay land
revenue and chaukidari taxes.
17. Discuss the
"Gandhi-Irwin Pact" (1931).
·
Round Table Conference: Gandhiji consented to
participate in a Round Table Conference in London.
·
Release of Prisoners: The government agreed to
release political prisoners who were not charged with violence.
·
Suspension of CDM: The movement was temporarily
called off by Gandhiji.
Section F: Social Groups & Their Participation
18. Why did the
rich peasants join the Civil Disobedience Movement?
·
Depression Impact: Being producers of commercial
crops, they were hit hard by falling prices and disappearing cash income.
·
Revenue Demand: The government refused to
reduce revenue demands, leading to resentment.
·
Definition of Swaraj: For them, the fight for
Swaraj was a struggle against high revenues.
19. Why was the
Congress reluctant to support the "no-rent" campaigns of poor
peasants?
·
Alienating Landlords: Supporting
"no-rent" campaigns would upset the rich peasants and landlords.
·
Financial Support: The Congress relied on the
support of wealthy sections for funding and influence.
·
Class Conflict: They feared it would create a
divide within the anti-imperialist front.
20. What was the
role of the business class in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
·
Organization: They formed the Indian
Industrial and Commercial Congress (1920) and FICCI (1927).
·
Financial Aid: They provided financial
assistance to the movement and refused to buy or sell foreign goods.
·
Anti-Colonial Goal: They wanted protection
against imports and an end to colonial policies that restricted business.
21. Describe the
participation of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
·
Salt March: Thousands of women came out
of their homes to listen to Gandhiji and participated in protest marches.
·
Picketing: They were active in picketing
foreign cloth and liquor shops; many went to jail.
·
Sacred Duty: They began to see service to
the nation as a sacred duty.
Section G: The Limits of the Movement
22. Why was Dalit
participation limited in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
·
Congress Conservatism: The Congress had ignored
Dalits for long to avoid offending the "Sanatanis" (high-caste
Hindus).
·
Separate Electorates: Dalit leaders like Ambedkar
wanted separate electorates, which Gandhi opposed.
·
Regional Strength: Participation was only strong
in regions like Maharashtra and Nagpur where Dalit organizations were powerful.
23. What was the
"Poona Pact" of 1932?
·
Compromise: It was an agreement between
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi.
·
Reserved Seats: It gave the Depressed Classes
reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils.
·
General Electorate: Crucially, it maintained that
they would be voted in by the general electorate rather than separate
electorates.
24. Why did Muslim
organizations show a lukewarm response to the Civil Disobedience Movement?
·
Alienation: After the Khilafat movement,
many Muslims felt alienated from the Congress.
·
Hindu Association: The Congress appeared more
visibly associated with Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu
Mahasabha.
·
Fear of Minority Status: Muslim leaders
feared their culture and identity would be submerged under a Hindu majority.
Section H: Collective Belonging & Quit India
25. How did
"Bharat Mata" help in creating a sense of collective belonging?
·
Visual Identity: The image provided a figure
with which people could identify the nation.
·
Ascetic Figure: Abanindranath Tagore’s
painting portrayed her as calm, divine, and spiritual, inspiring devotion.
·
Nationalism: Devotion to this mother
figure came to be seen as evidence of one’s nationalism.
26. Explain the
importance of folklore in the growth of nationalism.
·
Traditional Culture: Nationalists believed folk
tales gave a true picture of traditional culture that was corrupted by
outsiders.
·
Identity: It was essential to preserve
folk traditions to discover one's national identity.
·
Pride: Collecting ballads and myths
helped restore a sense of pride in India's past.
27. How did the
"Swaraj Flag" symbolize the struggle for freedom?
·
Tricolour: It was a tricolour (red,
green, white) designed by Gandhiji in 1921.
·
Spinning Wheel: It had a spinning wheel in
the center, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.
·
Defiance: Carrying the flag and holding
it aloft during marches became a symbol of defiance against British rule.
28. Why was the
"Reinterpretation of History" necessary for Indian nationalists?
·
Countering British Narrative: The British saw
Indians as backward and primitive; Indians wanted to prove their glorious past.
·
Achievements: They wrote about ancient
India's achievements in art, science, and mathematics.
·
Inspiration: These histories urged readers
to take pride in their past and struggle against British misery.
29. What was the
"Do or Die" call in the Quit India Movement?
·
Gandhiji's Message: It was a call to the people
to either free India or die in the attempt.
·
Mass Struggle: It signaled the transition to
a non-violent mass struggle on the widest possible scale.
·
Stalemate: The call brought the state
machinery to a standstill in many parts of the country.
30. Name some
prominent leaders and regions of the Quit India Movement.
·
Leaders: Jayprakash Narayan, Aruna
Asaf Ali, and Ram Manohar Lohia.
·
Women Leaders: Matangini Hazra (Bengal),
Kanaklata Barua (Assam), and Rama Devi (Odisha).
·
Mass Participation: It brought thousands of
ordinary students, workers, and peasants into the struggle.
C.
Long Type Questions with Answer
Theme 1: The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922)
1. Explain the causes that led
to the launch of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
·
The Rowlatt Act: The "Black Act" of 1919 allowed the government to detain
political prisoners without trial, causing national outrage.
·
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: The brutal killing of hundreds in Amritsar by
General Dyer destroyed any remaining faith Indians had in British justice.
·
Economic Distress: Post-WWI hardships, including high taxes, doubling prices, and crop
failures, made survival difficult for the masses.
·
The Khilafat Issue: Muslims were angry over the dismantling of the Ottoman Empire; Gandhi saw
this as a chance to unite Hindus and Muslims.
·
The Nagpur Session (1920): The Congress officially adopted the NCM programme,
shifting from constitutional methods to mass struggle.
2. How did the Non-Cooperation
Movement spread in the cities? Why did it eventually slow down?
·
Student & Faculty Boycott: Thousands of students left government-controlled
schools; teachers and headmasters resigned.
·
Legal Boycott: Renowned lawyers like Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das gave up their legal
practices.
·
Economic Boycott: Foreign cloth was burnt in massive bonfires, and the import of foreign
cloth halved between 1921 and 1922.
·
Slowing Down (Khadi): Hand-spun Khadi was more expensive than mass-produced mill cloth, which
the poor could not afford.
·
Lack of Alternatives: There were few Indian educational institutions or courts to replace
British ones, forcing people to return to their jobs.
3. "The plantation
workers in Assam had their own understanding of Swaraj." Support the
statement.
·
The Inland Emigration Act (1859): This Act prevented workers from leaving tea
gardens without permission, which was rarely given.
·
Freedom as Movement: For these workers, Swaraj meant the right to move freely in and out of the
confined spaces they worked in.
·
Defiance of Authority: When news of NCM reached them, thousands of workers disobeyed authorities
and left the plantations for their villages.
·
Belief in Gandhi Raj: They believed that "Gandhi Raj" would ensure that everyone
received land in their own home villages.
·
Tragic Outcome: They were caught during a railway/steamer strike and were brutally beaten
by the police, never reaching their destination.
4. Describe the peasant
movement in Awadh during the Non-Cooperation era.
·
Leadership: Led by Baba Ramchandra, a sanyasi who had been an indentured laborer in
Fiji.
·
Against Talukdars: The struggle was directed against landlords who demanded exorbitantly high
rents and various "cesses" (taxes).
·
Demand for Reform: The peasants demanded a reduction in revenue, the abolition of begar
(unpaid labor), and the social boycott of oppressive landlords.
·
Oudh Kisan Sabha: Jawaharlal Nehru and Baba Ramchandra set up over 300 branches of this
Sabha to organize the movement.
·
Violent Turn: In 1921, houses of talukdars were attacked and grain hoards were taken
over, which the Congress leadership disapproved of.
5. Evaluate the role of Alluri
Sitaram Raju in the Gudem Hills rebellion.
·
Special Powers: Raju claimed he could survive bullet shots, heal people, and make correct
astrological predictions.
·
Gandhian Influence: He was inspired by the NCM and persuaded people to wear khadi and give up
drinking alcohol.
·
Belief in Violence: Contrary to Gandhi, he believed that India could be liberated only through
the use of force, not non-violence.
·
Guerrilla Warfare: He led the Gudem rebels in attacks on police stations and attempts to kill
British officials to achieve Swaraj.
·
Martyrdom: Raju was captured and executed in 1924, becoming a legendary folk hero in
Andhra Pradesh.
Theme 2: The Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934)
6. Why did Gandhiji choose
"Salt" as a powerful symbol of resistance?
·
Universal Necessity: Salt was consumed by the rich and the poor alike and was a basic essential
of food.
·
Oppressive Monopoly: The government had a monopoly over salt production and taxed it heavily,
which Gandhi saw as the "most oppressive face" of British rule.
·
Ability to Unite: Because salt was a common link, it could bring all classes of Indian
society together into a united campaign.
·
The Ultimatum: Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin with 11 demands; the abolition of
the salt tax was the most critical.
·
Dandi March: The 240-mile march to Dandi was a visual and physical protest that
galvanized the entire nation.
7. How was the Civil Disobedience
Movement (CDM) different from the Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM)?
·
Objective: NCM focused on "non-cooperation," while CDM focused on actively
"breaking" colonial laws.
·
Salt Law: CDM was characterized by the mass manufacturing of salt and the violation of
the salt monopoly, which was absent in NCM.
·
Peasant Participation: In CDM, peasants refused to pay land revenue and chaukidari taxes,
whereas NCM focused more on begar and rent.
·
Forest Laws: CDM saw a massive violation of forest laws by tribal groups entering
"reserved forests" for wood and grazing.
·
Nature of Repression: The British response to CDM was more brutal, including the arrest of
100,000 people and attacks on peaceful satyagrahis.
8. Analyze the participation
of the Business Class in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
·
Economic Interest: Indian industrialists wanted protection against imports of foreign goods
and a favorable rupee-sterling exchange ratio.
·
Organizations: They formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress (1920) and the
Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.
·
Financial Support: Led by figures like Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G.D. Birla, they gave
massive financial aid to the movement.
·
Boycott: Businessmen refused to buy or sell imported goods as a mark of protest
against colonial economic control.
·
Withdrawal: After the failure of the Round Table Conference, they grew worried about
the rise of socialism and the disruption of business.
9. Discuss the role of women
in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
·
Large-scale Participation: Thousands of women came out of their homes for the
first time to listen to Gandhiji and join the march.
·
Urban vs. Rural: In cities, women from high-caste families participated; in villages, women
from rich peasant households joined.
·
Protest Activities: They participated in salt manufacturing, protest marches, and the
picketing of foreign cloth and liquor shops.
·
Imprisonment: Many women went to jail, showing their commitment to the national cause.
·
Sacred Duty: They began to see "service to the nation" as a sacred duty,
though their social position in the Congress remained symbolic for a long time.
10. Why did the Dalit
community have a lukewarm response to the Civil Disobedience Movement?
·
Congress Stance: For a long time, the Congress ignored Dalits for fear of offending the
"Sanatanis" (conservative high-caste Hindus).
·
Demand for Separate Electorates: Dalit leaders like Dr. B.R. Ambedkar wanted
separate electorates to ensure political power for their community.
·
Search for Identity: Dalits began organizing themselves and demanding reserved seats in
educational institutions.
·
Ambedkar-Gandhi Conflict: Ambedkar clashed with Gandhi at the Second Round
Table Conference over the issue of separate electorates.
·
Regional Limitation: Participation was limited primarily to the Maharashtra and Nagpur regions
where Dalit organizations were strong.
Theme 3: Political Developments and Collective Belonging
11. Explain the significance
of the Poona Pact (September 1932).
·
The Conflict: The British government had conceded to Ambedkar’s demand for separate
electorates for Dalits.
·
Gandhi’s Fast: Gandhi believed separate electorates would divide society, so he began a
"fast unto death."
·
The Compromise: Ambedkar eventually accepted Gandhi’s position to save his life, leading
to the Poona Pact.
·
Reserved Seats: The Depressed Classes (Scheduled Castes) were given reserved seats in
provincial and central legislative councils.
·
General Electorate: Crucially, it was decided that they would be voted in by the general
electorate, not a separate one.
12. Why did communal relations
between Hindus and Muslims worsen in the 1920s and 30s?
·
Decline of Unity: After the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement ended, a large section of
Muslims felt alienated from the Congress.
·
Hindu Mahasabha: The Congress became visibly associated with Hindu religious nationalist
groups like the Hindu Mahasabha.
·
Communal Riots: Religious processions and militant fervor led to frequent communal clashes
and riots in various cities.
·
Representation Dispute: Negotiations over reserved seats in future assemblies (led by Jinnah and
the Muslim League) failed in 1928.
·
Minority Fear: Muslim leaders feared that their culture and identity would be submerged
under a Hindu majority.
13. How did icons and symbols
create a sense of collective belonging in India?
·
Bharat Mata: The visual image of Bharat Mata (first by Bankim Chandra) gave people a
personified figure to identify with the nation.
·
Vande Mataram: This hymn became the anthem of the national movement, widely sung during
the Swadeshi movement.
·
Swaraj Flag: Gandhi designed a tricolour flag with a spinning wheel, symbolizing
self-help and defiance of British rule.
·
Historical Pride: Nationalists reinterpreted history to highlight ancient India's
achievements in science, math, and art.
·
Folklore: The collection of folk songs and legends (by Natesa Sastri and Tagore)
helped discover a "true" Indian national identity.
14. Explain the impact of the
First World War on the Indian National Movement.
·
Economic Crisis: Huge rise in defense expenditure led to higher taxes (Income Tax) and
custom duties.
·
Price Inflation: Prices of essential goods doubled between 1913 and 1918, causing extreme
hardship.
·
Forced Recruitment: Angry villagers were forced to supply soldiers for the British army.
·
Natural Disasters: Crop failures and the 1921 influenza epidemic killed 12-13 million people.
·
Political Awakening: People expected their hardships to end after the war, but they did not,
leading to the rise of new leaders and struggle methods.
15. Describe the features of
the "Quit India Movement" (1942).
·
Immediate Cause: The failure of the Cripps Mission and the economic effects of World War
II.
·
The Resolution: The historic 'Quit India' resolution was passed in Bombay on August 8,
1942.
·
Gandhi’s Call: Gandhi gave the famous mantra "Do or Die," calling for a
final non-violent mass struggle.
·
State Machinery Stalemate: Demonstrations, strikes, and processions brought
the British administration to a standstill in many parts of India.
·
New Leadership: Leaders like Jayprakash Narayan and Aruna Asaf Ali led the underground
movement while Gandhi was in jail.
·
British Repression: The government used brutal force to suppress the movement, arresting over
100,000 people.
16. Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM) in the Countryside
The movement in
rural areas was not just against the British, but against oppressive landlords
and local systems.
·
Awadh Peasants: Led by Baba Ramchandra, peasants
fought against high rents and begar (unpaid labor)
demanded by talukdars. They organized Nai-Dhobi bandhs to
deprive landlords of basic services.
·
Gudem Hills Tribals: In Andhra Pradesh, tribals
led by Alluri Sitaram Raju used guerrilla warfare to protest against forest
laws that prevented them from entering forests for grazing or fuel.
·
Swaraj in Plantations: For Assam tea garden workers,
Swaraj meant the right to leave the gardens. They defied the Inland Emigration
Act of 1859 and headed home, believing "Gandhi Raj" was coming.
·
Different Interpretations: Each group
interpreted "Swaraj" differently based on their local suffering,
often turning violent, which deviated from Gandhi's non-violent vision.
·
Mass Expansion: These rural struggles
expanded the NCM into a truly "Pan-India" movement beyond just urban
centers.
17. Rowlatt Act Resistance
The Rowlatt Act
was the spark that ignited the first massive nationwide protest.
·
Features: It was passed hurriedly
through the Imperial Legislative Council and allowed the government to detain
political prisoners without trial for two years.
·
6th April Hartal: Gandhi launched a nationwide hartal (strike). Rallies were organized, and workers
went on strike in railway workshops and shops closed down.
·
Government Repression: Alarmed by the popular
upsurge, the British clamped down on nationalists, barring Gandhi from entering
Delhi and arresting local leaders in Amritsar.
·
Martial Law: After protests turned violent
on April 10, Martial Law was imposed, and General Dyer took command of
Amritsar.
·
Jallianwala Bagh: The resistance culminated in
the tragic massacre on April 13, where Dyer fired on a peaceful crowd to
"strike terror" into the hearts of satyagrahis.
18. Simon Commission Boycott
This event
revived the nationalist spirit in the late 1920s.
·
Purpose: Set up by the British Tory
government to look into the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.
·
The Flaw: The commission did not have a
single Indian member; they were all British. Indians saw this as an insult to
their ability to decide their own future.
·
"Go Back Simon": When the
commission arrived in 1928, it was met with black flags and the famous slogan
"Go Back Simon."
·
United Front: All political parties,
including the Congress and the Muslim League, participated in the
demonstrations.
·
Lala Lajpat Rai: During a peaceful protest in
Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai was brutally lathi-charged by the police and later
succumbed to his injuries, further fueling national anger.
19. Significance of Lahore Session (1929)
This session
changed the ultimate goal of the Indian National Movement.
·
Leadership: Jawaharlal Nehru presided
over this historic session, representing the younger, radical faction of the
Congress.
·
Purna Swaraj: The Congress formalized the
demand for 'Purna Swaraj' or Full Independence, moving away from the earlier
demand for 'Dominion Status.'
·
Independence Day: January 26, 1930, was
declared as the first "Independence Day," to be celebrated annually
with a pledge for freedom.
·
Call for CDM: The session gave the signal
to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement if the British did not meet Indian
demands.
·
Shift in Strategy: It marked the end of
constitutional negotiations and the beginning of a total struggle for complete
sovereignty.
20. Role of Folklore in Nationalism
Cultural
identity was used to restore self-respect and unity among Indians.
·
National Identity: Nationalists believed that
folk tales and songs captured the "true" spirit of Indian culture,
which had been damaged by foreign rule.
·
Rabindranath Tagore: In Bengal, he led the
movement to collect ballads, nursery rhymes, and myths to revive the folk
tradition.
·
Natesa Sastri: In Madras, he published The Folklore of Southern India, a four-volume
collection of Tamil folk tales.
·
National Literature: Sastri argued that folklore
was the most trustworthy manifestation of people's real thoughts.
·
Restoring Pride: These efforts were essential
to discover one's national identity and instill a sense of pride in India's
traditional heritage.
21. Economic Effects of Non-Cooperation
The movement hit
the British where it hurt most—their economy.
·
Boycott of Goods: Foreign goods were boycotted,
and foreign cloth was burnt in massive public bonfires.
·
Import Halved: The import of foreign cloth
dropped by half between 1921 and 1922, its value falling from ₹102 crore to ₹57
crore.
·
Picketing: Liquor shops were picketed, leading
to a loss of revenue for the British government.
·
Boost to Indian Industry: As people began
wearing only Indian clothes, production in Indian textile mills and handlooms
went up significantly.
·
Merchant Support: Many merchants and traders
refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.
22. The Khilafat Movement Link
Gandhi saw the
Khilafat issue as the best way to unite Hindus and Muslims.
·
Ottoman Empire: Following WWI, there were
rumors of a harsh peace treaty being imposed on the Ottoman Emperor (the
Khalifa), the spiritual head of the Islamic world.
·
Khilafat Committee: Formed in Bombay in 1919 by
young Muslim leaders like Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali to defend the Khalifa's
powers.
·
United Struggle: Gandhi met the Ali brothers
and convinced the Congress at the Calcutta Session (1920) to start a movement
in support of Khilafat and Swaraj.
·
Unity Strategy: This was Gandhi's primary
strategy to bring Muslims into the mainstream national struggle.
·
Mass Base: The combination of NCM and
Khilafat made the 1921–22 movement the largest mass protest India had seen
until then.
23. Repression of the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM)
The British
responded to the Salt Satyagraha with extreme violence and mass arrests.
·
Arrest of Leaders: Leaders like Abdul Ghaffar
Khan (Frontier Gandhi) and later Mahatma Gandhi were arrested, leading to
violent clashes.
·
Peshawar Protests: Angry crowds in Peshawar
faced armored cars and police firing; many were killed.
·
Sholapur Workers: After Gandhi's arrest,
industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police posts and municipal
buildings—symbols of British rule.
·
Brutality: Peaceful satyagrahis were
attacked, and even women and children were beaten by the police.
·
Mass Detention: About 100,000 people were
arrested, which eventually led to the Gandhi-Irwin Pact to stop the violence.
24. The Idea of Satyagraha
This was
Gandhi's unique contribution to political struggle.
·
Truth and Non-violence: It was based on the twin
pillars of Truth (Satya) and Non-violence (Ahimsa).
·
Soul Force: Gandhi called it "soul
force," where the satyagrahi wins by appealing to the heart and conscience
of the oppressor.
·
No Physical Force: It suggested that if the
cause is true, there is no need for physical force or vengeance.
·
Success in India: Gandhi successfully tested
this in Champaran (Indigo), Kheda (Peasants), and Ahmedabad (Mill workers).
·
Moral Victory: The goal was to make the
oppressor see the truth through suffering and patience rather than forcing
them.
25. Rich Peasants vs. Poor Peasants in CDM
The two groups
had different motivations, which caused internal friction in the Congress.
·
Rich Peasants (Patidars/Jats): They were
commercial producers hit by the Depression. Their goal was a reduction in the
high government land revenue.
·
Poor Peasants: Many were small tenants.
Their goal was not just revenue reduction, but the remission (forgiveness) of
the rent they owed to landlords.
·
No-Rent Campaign: Poor peasants joined radical
movements for "no-rent," but the Congress was reluctant to support
them.
·
Fear of Alienation: Congress feared that
supporting "no-rent" would upset the rich peasants and landlords who
provided funding.
·
Disappointment: Rich peasants were
disappointed when Gandhi called off the movement in 1931 without a revenue cut.
26. Jallianwala Bagh’s Aftermath
The massacre
changed the course of Indian history and the nature of the struggle.
·
Mass Anger: As the news spread, crowds
took to the streets in many north Indian towns.
·
Strikes: There were strikes, clashes
with police, and attacks on government buildings like post offices and banks.
·
British Humiliation: The government responded by
humiliating satyagrahis—forcing them to rub their noses on the ground and crawl
on the streets.
·
Violence and Withdrawal: Seeing the violence
spread, Gandhi called for the withdrawal of the Rowlatt Satyagraha.
·
Turning Point: This event made Gandhi
realize that a much larger, more organized movement (NCM) was needed to counter
British brutality.
27. Reasons for the Re-launch of CDM (1932)
Gandhi restarted
the movement after returning from London, but it lacked the original fire.
·
Failure of Round Table: The Second Round Table
Conference in London (1931) ended in a deadlock; Gandhi returned empty-handed.
·
New Repression: Upon his return, he found
that the British had started a new cycle of repression against the Congress.
·
Arrest of Leaders: Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal
Nehru were already in jail.
·
Congress Illegal: The British government had
declared the Congress an illegal organization.
·
Ban on Activity: Measures were imposed to
prevent meetings, demonstrations, and boycotts, forcing Gandhi to restart the
struggle to protect the party.
28. Swaraj Party vs. Radicals within Congress
After NCM, the
Congress was split on how to proceed.
·
Swaraj Party: Formed by C.R. Das and
Motilal Nehru. They wanted to enter the Legislative Councils to "wreck the
system from within."
·
Council Politics: They argued that
participating in elections would help them oppose British policies and argue
for reform from inside.
·
Radicals: Led by Jawaharlal Nehru and
Subhas Chandra Bose. They were against council politics.
·
Mass Agitation: Radicals pressed for more
intense mass agitation and demanded nothing less than "Full
Independence."
·
Different Focus: The Swarajists focused on
institutional reform; the Radicals focused on mobilizing the youth and the
masses for a final strike.
29. Contribution of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
He played a
major role in the "cultural" making of the nation.
·
Bharat Mata: He was the first to create
the image of Bharat Mata as a visual symbol of the nation.
·
Vande Mataram: In the 1870s, he wrote 'Vande
Mataram' as a hymn to the motherland.
·
Anandamath: He included this song in his
famous novel Anandamath, which became a source of inspiration for
revolutionaries.
·
Swadeshi Movement: His work was widely sung and
circulated during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, unifying people through
emotion.
·
Identity: His contributions helped turn
the abstract idea of a nation into a concrete "mother" figure for
whom people were willing to sacrifice.
30. British vs. Nationalist Portrayal of History
History became a
battlefield for identity.
·
British Portrayal: The British portrayed Indians
as backward, primitive, and incapable of governing themselves. They claimed
India's history was one of chaos.
·
Nationalist Portrayal: Indian historians looked back
at ancient times to discover India's great achievements in art, science, and
law.
·
The "Golden Age": They wrote
about a "Glorious Past" where India was a leader in global knowledge
and trade.
·
History of Decline: They argued that India's
"decline" was not natural but was a result of British colonization.
·
Sense of Pride: This reinterpretation was
intended to instill a sense of pride and urge Indians to struggle for a better
future.
D.
Assertion Reason Based
Questions with Answer
Assertion-Reasoning
(A-R) questions are a major part of the CBSE Class X Social Science paper.
These questions test your conceptual clarity and ability to link causes with
effects.
Instructions for
A-R Questions:
·
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation
of A.
·
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
explanation of A.
·
(c) A is true but R is false.
·
(d) A is false but R is true.
Section 1: Satyagraha & Rowlatt Act
1.
Assertion (A): Mahatma Gandhi successfully
organized satyagraha movements in various places after arriving in India.
Reason (R): Gandhi believed
that if the cause was true, physical force was not necessary to fight the
oppressor.
Answer: (a) R explains the
philosophy behind the success of Gandhi's movements.
2.
Assertion (A): The Rowlatt Act was called
the "Black Act" by Indians.
Reason (R): It allowed the
detention of political prisoners without trial for three years.
Answer: (c) A is true, but
R is false (it was for two years, not three).
3.
Assertion (A): Gandhiji decided to launch a
nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act in 1919.
Reason (R): The Act had
been passed hurriedly through the Imperial Legislative Council despite the
united opposition of Indian members.
Answer: (a) R provides the
direct reason for the nationwide protest.
4.
Assertion (A): General Dyer entered
Jallianwala Bagh and opened fire on the peaceful crowd.
Reason (R): His object was
to "produce a moral effect" and strike terror into the minds of
satyagrahis.
Answer: (a) R correctly
explains Dyer's motive behind the massacre.
Section 2: Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM)
5.
Assertion (A): Mahatma Gandhi wanted to
support the Khilafat issue.
Reason (R): He saw this as
an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national
movement.
Answer: (a) R explains why
Gandhi took up a religious issue for a national cause.
6.
Assertion (A): The Non-Cooperation Movement
gradually slowed down in the cities.
Reason (R): The British
government used brutal force to suppress the urban protesters.
Answer: (b) Both are true,
but R is not the main reason for the slowdown; the
main reasons were the high cost of Khadi and lack of alternative institutions.
7.
Assertion (A): The Justice Party of Madras
decided to participate in the council elections.
Reason (R): They felt that
entering the council was one way of gaining some power that usually only
Brahmans had access to.
Answer: (a) R accurately
explains the motivation of the non-Brahman Justice Party.
8.
Assertion (A): In Awadh, the peasant
movement was led by Baba Ramchandra.
Reason (R): Baba Ramchandra
was a sanyasi who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured
labourer.
Answer: (b) Both are true,
but R (his background) does not explain why the movement
happened (which was high rents and begar).
9.
Assertion (A): Mahatma Gandhi decided to
withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922.
Reason (R): The movement
was turning violent in many places, such as the Chauri Chaura incident.
Answer: (a) R is the direct
cause for the withdrawal of the movement.
Section 3: Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM)
10. Assertion (A): The Simon
Commission was greeted with the slogan "Go Back Simon" in 1928.
Reason (R): The commission
did not have a single Indian member.
Answer: (a) R is the
primary reason for the boycott of the commission.
11. Assertion (A): Mahatma Gandhi
found in salt a powerful symbol that could unite the nation.
Reason (R): Salt was
something consumed by the rich and the poor alike and was an essential item of
food.
Answer: (a) R explains why
salt was chosen as the unifying symbol.
12. Assertion (A): The Civil
Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Reason (R): In CDM, people
were asked not only to refuse cooperation but also to break colonial laws.
Answer: (a) R correctly
identifies the fundamental shift in the nature of the struggle.
13. Assertion (A): The rich
peasants were disappointed when the movement was called off in 1931.
Reason (R): The movement
was called off without the high revenue rates being revised.
Answer: (a) R explains the
source of the rich peasants' frustration.
14. Assertion (A): The Congress
was unwilling to support "no-rent" campaigns in most places.
Reason (R): They did not
want to alienate the rich peasants and landlords.
Answer: (a) R explains the
political strategy of the Congress.
Section 4: Limits & Social Groups
15. Assertion (A): Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round Table Conference.
Reason (R): Ambedkar
demanded separate electorates for dalits.
Answer: (a) R correctly
identifies the point of contention between the two leaders.
16. Assertion (A): Gandhiji began
a fast unto death when the British government conceded Ambedkar’s demand for
separate electorates.
Reason (R): He believed
that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their
integration into society.
Answer: (a) R provides the
logic behind Gandhi’s fast.
17. Assertion (A): Dalit
participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement was limited, especially in
Maharashtra.
Reason (R): The Congress
was visibly associated with Hindu religious nationalist groups like the Hindu
Mahasabha.
Answer: (b) Both are true,
but R explains Muslim alienation better. The
reason for Dalit limitation was the Congress's fear of offending
high-caste Sanatanis.
18. Assertion (A): In 1921,
Gandhiji designed the Swaraj Flag.
Reason (R): It was a
tricolour with a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal
of self-help.
Answer: (a) R correctly
describes the design and symbolism of the flag.
Section 5: Quit India Movement
19. Assertion (A): The Quit India
Movement is also known as the "August Kranti."
Reason (R): The movement
was officially launched on 8 August 1942.
Answer: (a) R explains why
the movement is associated with the month of August.
20. Assertion (A): The British
responded to the Quit India Movement with a policy of brutal repression.
Reason (R): It took the
British more than a year to suppress the movement entirely.
Answer: (b) Both statements
are true facts from the text, but the time taken to suppress it (R) is a consequence of the movement's strength, not an
explanation for the repression (A).
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