10. Grassroots Democracy (Part 1): Governance

1. Introduction – Why Rules and Governance Are Needed

  • People live together in families, schools, and societies.

  • Wherever people live together, disagreements can arise.

  • To maintain peace and order, we need rules.

  • Example:

    • At home – family rules.

    • In school – rules for students and teachers.

    • On roads – traffic rules.

  • If there were no rules, society would become chaotic.

  • The process of making rules and ensuring they are followed is called governance.

  • The group or system that makes and enforces these rules is called the government.

  • Some important rules are called laws.

  • Citizens can also help change rules or laws if needed.

2. What Is Governance?

  • Governance means how decisions are made and how society is managed.

  • It includes making rules, organizing daily life, and ensuring people follow them.

  • The government is the system that performs governance.

  • So, governance = process, and government = people or institution doing it.

3. Three Organs of Government

To make governance effective, the government works through three branches or organs:

  1. Legislature – makes laws.

    • Formed by elected representatives (like Parliament or State Assembly).

    • It can also change or remove old laws.

  2. Executive – implements laws.

    • Includes the President or Governor (nominal head), Prime Minister, Chief Ministers, and officers.

    • Example: Police or departments carrying out work.

  3. Judiciary – interprets laws and gives justice.

    • Includes courts and judges.

    • Decides if laws are fair or if someone has broken the law.

👉 Example: In cybercrime (online theft) –

  • Legislature makes laws against it.

  • Executive (police) catches the culprits.

  • Judiciary punishes them.

This is called the Separation of Powers, meaning each organ has its own duty, and no one can control all powers.

4. Three Levels of Government

India has three levels (tiers) of government:

  1. Local Government – works in towns, cities, and villages.

    • Example: Panchayats, Municipalities.

  2. State Government – manages the whole state.

    • Head: Chief Minister.

  3. Central (Union) Government – works for the entire country.

    • Head: Prime Minister and President.

👉 Example: In case of a flood –

  • Local authorities help first.

  • If it spreads, the State Government sends rescue teams.

  • If it becomes a disaster, the Central Government also helps with the army or funds.

This shows how the three levels cooperate.

5. Functions of Government Organs (Summary)

OrganNational (Central)State Level
LegislatureLok Sabha & Rajya Sabha make national lawsVidhan Sabha makes state laws
ExecutivePresident (nominal), Prime Minister (real head)Governor (nominal), Chief Minister (real head)
JudiciarySupreme CourtHigh Court

Examples of responsibilities:

  • Central: Defence, Foreign Affairs, Currency, Education, Communication.

  • State: Police, Agriculture, Public Health, Local Government.

6. Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam – A Model of Leadership

  • Known as the Missile Man of India.

  • Served as the 11th President of India (2002–2007).

  • Inspired students with his humility, vision, and belief in education.

  • Famous thoughts:

    • “Dream is not what you see while sleeping; it is something that does not let you sleep.”

    • “If you fail, remember F.A.I.L means ‘First Attempt In Learning’.”

He showed that even a nominal head like the President can inspire change through good actions and leadership.

7. Democracy – Rule of the People

  • The word “Democracy” comes from Greek:

    • Dēmos = People

    • Kratos = Rule or Power

    • → So democracy means “Rule by the People.”

  • Since all people cannot directly make laws, they elect representatives through elections.

    • State level – MLAs (Members of Legislative Assembly)

    • National level – MPs (Members of Parliament)

This is called Representative Democracy.

Direct Democracy Example:

When the entire class votes on where to go for a picnic — that’s direct democracy.

Representative Democracy Example:

When the class monitor is elected to speak to the principal — that’s representative democracy.

8. Grassroots Democracy

  • “Grassroots” means the people at the base level – common citizens.

  • Grassroots democracy allows ordinary people to take part in decision-making.

  • It begins from the local level — villages and towns — where people’s voices are directly heard.

  • This makes democracy stronger and more meaningful.

9. Key Takeaways

  • Governance is needed to maintain peace and order.

  • Government works through three organs – Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary.

  • There are three levels – Central, State, and Local.

  • India follows representative democracy, but citizens can participate directly at the grassroots level.

  • Good governance ensures justice, equality, and development for all.

*************


📘 Page 161 – Questions, Activities and Projects

1. Question:

What is the meaning of democracy? What is the difference between direct democracy and representative democracy?

Answer:

  • Meaning of Democracy:
    Democracy means “rule by the people.” In a democracy, the people have the power to choose their leaders through elections.

  • Difference:

    TypeMeaningExample
    Direct DemocracyPeople directly take part in making decisions.When all students in a class vote to decide a picnic spot.
    Representative DemocracyPeople elect representatives to take decisions on their behalf.When citizens elect MLAs or MPs to make laws.

2. Question:

Recall the three organs of government. What are their different roles?

Answer:
The three organs of government are:

  1. Legislature – Makes laws for the country.

  2. Executive – Implements or carries out those laws.

  3. Judiciary – Interprets the laws and gives justice when laws are broken.

👉 Together, they work to ensure good governance and protect citizens’ rights.

3. Question:

Why do we need three tiers (levels) of government?

Answer:
We need three levels of government because our country is large and has different local needs.

  • Local Government looks after local issues (villages, towns).

  • State Government handles matters within a state.

  • Central Government manages national and international matters.

➡️ This division helps in better management and quick decision-making for people’s welfare.

4. Project:

Many of you will remember the lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic. Make a list of all the actions that were taken at that time. Which tiers of government were involved in managing the situation? What was the role of each of the organs of government?

Suggested Answer (Example):

Action Taken During COVID-19Level of Government InvolvedOrgans’ Role
Announcing lockdown and safety rulesCentral & State GovernmentsLegislature: Made rules & laws for safety.

Implementing lockdown, distributing food & medicines		State & Local GovernmentsExecutive: Carried out the rules and managed relief work.

Handling cases of violation and disputes		JudiciaryJudiciary: Ensured justice and checked if laws were followed properly.



*************