Forest society and Colonialism

Forest society and Colonialism

MCQS
Q1. Tendu leaves are used in making…..?
A. Bidis                B. Plates    C. Baskets        D. Umbrellas
Q2. The railway network expanded rapidly in India from…..?
A. 1820s
B. 1830s
C. 1850s
D. 1860s
Q3. The Imperial Forest Research was set up at …..? 
A. Allahabad
B. Darjeeling
C. Dehradun
D. Shimla
 
Q4. The Baigas are a forest community of…..?
A. Central India
B. North India
C. South India
D. North East India
 
Q5. The colonial power in Indonesia were the …..?
A. English        B. Dutch        C. French    D. Portuguese

Q6. Where did the Dutch start forest management in Indonesia?
A. Java
B. Sumatra
C. Bali
D. None
 
Q7. The Kalangs resisted the Dutch in …..? 
A. 1700
B. 1750
C. 1770
D. 1800
 
Q8. What was the system of the ‘blandongdiensten’?
A. A system of education
B. Industrialisation
C. First imposition of rent on land and the exemption
D. None
 
Q9. What was the policy followed by the British towards the forests during the First and Second World War?
A. The forest department cut trees to freely meet British war needs
B. Cutting of trees was strictly prohibited for everyone, including the British
C. More and more trees were planted to give employment to Indians
D. None
 
Q10. Who wrote the book ‘Forests of India’ in 1923?

A. David SpurrB. E P StebbingC. Verrier ElvinD. John Middleton 

Q11. Indian Forest Service was set up in the year….? 

A. 1865B. 1864C. 1854D. 1884 

Q12. The system of scientific forestry stands for…?

A. System whereby the local farmers were allowed to cultivate temporarily within a plantation.

B. System of cutting old trees and planting new ones

C. Division of forests into 3 categories

D. Disappearance of forests 

Q13. In South East Asia Shifting agriculture is known as ……..?

A. ChitemeneB. TavyC. LadingD. Milpa 

Q14. Forests consisting of which type of trees were preferred by the forest department. 
A. Trees which provided fuel, fodder and leaves

B. Forests having soft wood

C. Trees suitable for building ships and railways

D. None

 

Q15. Which is a community of skilled forest cutters?

A. Maasais of Africa

B. Mundas of Chotanagpur

C. Gonds of Orissa

D. Kalangs of Java 

Q16. Wooden planks laid across railways tracks to hold these tracks in a position are called?

A. BeamsB. SleepersC. Rail fastenersD. None 

Q17. Which of the following is a cash crop?

A. RiceB. WheatC. CottonD. Maize 

Q18. The Forest act meant severe hardship for villagers across the country because…?

A. Cutting wood, grazing cattle, collecting fruits, hunting and fishing became illegal

B. People were forced to steal and if they were caught, they had to pay bribes to the forest guards

C. Women who collected firewood were harassed by guards

D. All of the above 

Q19. The river ……..flows through Bastar?

A. GangaB. IndusC. IndrawatiD. None of these 

Q20. What are Sarnas?

A. Sacred grovesB. ForestsC. GrasslandsD. None 

Q21. Which of the following problems were faced by the people of Bastar under the colonial Government? 

A. People of the villages were displaced without any notice of compensation

B. Villagers suffered from increased rents, frequent demands for free labour, and goods by colonial officials

C. Terrible famines occurred

D. All of the above 

Q22. Why was shifting banned in India by the Government?

A. European foresters regarded this practice as harmful for the forests

B. When a forest was burnt there was the danger of flames spreading and burning the valuable timber

C. It made it difficult for the government to calculate taxes

D. All of the above 

Q23. How much of India’s landmass was under cultivation in 1600?

A. One – sixthB. One – thirdC. Two – thirdD. Half 

Q24. How much percent of the worlds’ total forest area was cleared between 1700 and 1995?

A. 9%B. 9.3%C. 20.5%D. 30% 

Q25. Of which crops did the British encourage the production of during the colonial period? 

A. JuteB. WheatC. CottonD. All 

Q26. Which was the ‘scorched earth’ policy followed by the Dutch in Java during the First and Second World wars? 

A. Dutch weapons were destroyed in Java

B. The earth was exploited further to grow more trees

C. Huge piles of giant teak logs were burnt, and saw mills were destroyed

D. None 

Q27. Large areas of natural forests were cleared to make way for which of these?

A. Tea plantationsB. Coffee plantationsC. Rubber plantationsD. All 

Q28. Who was Gunda Dhur?

A. A rebel of Java

B. First inspector General

C. A leader of Santhal rebellion

D. A leader of Dhurva tribe 

Q29. Where is Bastar located?

A. Southernmost part of Chattisgarh

B. In central Jharkhand region

C. In Andhra Pradesh

D. None 

Q30. Which of the following was not a tribal community?

A. KarachaB. JhumC. KoravaD. Yerukula 

Q.31. Disappearance of forest due to cutting down of trees is referred to as _____.

(a) afforestation(b) deforestation(c) dousari(d) pastoralism 

Q.32. For what Britishers needed forest? 

(a) hide from their enemies(b) increase wood production for fuel

(c) provide a settlement for Indian tribes(d) build ships and railways 

Q.33. Which Forest Act divided Indian forests into three categories? 

(a) 1862 Forest Act(b) 1860 Forest Act(c) 1879 Forest Act(d) 1878 Forest Act 

Q.34. By the year 1946, the length of the railway tracks increased to over _________ 

(a) 7,60,000 km(b) 7,00,000 km(c) 6,50,000 km(d) 7,65,000 km  

Q.35. What was a system of cutting trees controlled by the Forest Department in which old trees are cut and new ones planted called? 

(a) reserved forestry(b) protected forestry(c) village forestry(d) scientific forestry 

Q.36. Who painted “When the Valleys Were Full’ Painting? 

(a) David Spurr(b) John Dawson(c) Richard Harding(d) None of the above 

Q.37.  ______ is the local term used for shifting cultivation in Central America.

(a) jhum(b) chena(c) tavy(d) milpa  

Q.38. What was European colonialism which was based on the practice of shifting cultivation known as? 

(a) jhum cultivation(b) Chena(c) swidden agriculture(d) khandad 

Q.39. The ____________ peoples of the Brazilian Amazon began to cultivated latex from wild during mid-nineteenth century

(a) banjaras(b) Mundurucu(c) Yerukula(d) Korava 

Q.40. The nomadic tribe from Chhattisgarh who were recruited to work on tea plantations in Assam were __________.

(a) Gonds  (b) Oraons(c) Santhals(d) Bhils 

Q.41. The extraction of rubber in the Putumayo region of the Amazon was 

(a) Huitotos(b) Santhals(c) Oraons(d) Karacha 

Q.42. ______________ was the leader of the forest communities who rebelled against the British from Chhotanagpur.

(a) Birsa Munda(b) Siddhu(c) Kanu(d) Alluri Sitaram Raju 

Q.43. Which among the following is not a tribal community from the Bastar district? 

(a) Muria Gonds(b) Dhurwas(c) Halbas(d) Santhals 

Q.44. In which year the colonial government in India proposed to reserve two-thirds of the forest? 

(a) 1903(b) 1904(c) 1905(d) 1906 

Q.45. What was the cluster of villages in Bastar district known as? 

(a) dhurwas(b) pargana (c) taluka(d) dand 

Q.46. From the fruit of which tree, the oil was extracted for cooking and to light lamps? 

(a) Bauhinia Vahli(b) Tendu(c) Semur(d) Mahua 

Q.47. The population of Java in 1600 was estimated ______________

(a) 3.4 million(b) 3.7 million(c) 4.4 million(d) 5.4 million 

Q.48. Around 1890, ________________ community of the Randublatung village began questioning the state ownership of the forest.

(a) Surontiko Samin(b) Kalimantan(c) Sarnas(d) Rai 

Q.49. Most of Indonesia’s forests are located in islands like _____.

(a) Sumatra(b) Kalimantan  (c) West Iran(d) All of the above  

Q.50. Where did the Dutch begin their Scientific forestry? 

(a) Sumatra(b) Java(c) Borneo(d) Celebes 

Answer key

Question No.	Answer	Question No.	Answer
1	A	26	C
2	D	27	D
3	C	28	D
4	A	29	A
5	B	30	B
6	A	31	B
7	C	32	D
8	C	33	D
9	B	34	D
10	B	35	D
11	B	36	B
12	B	37	D
13	C	38	C
14	C	39	B
15	D	40	A
16	B	41	A
17	C	42	A
18	D	43	D
19	C	44	C
20	A	45	B
21	D	46	D
22	D	47	A
23	A	48	A
24	B	49	D
25	D	50	B

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.Which new trade was created due to the introduction of new forest laws ?Answer:Collecting latex from wild rubber trees.

Question 2.

Name the communities living in Bastar.Answer:Maria and Muria Gonds, Dhurwas, Bhatras and Halbas.

Question 3.Who was Dietrich Brandis ?Answer:Dietrich Brandis was a German forest expert, whom the colonial government invited for advice and made him the first Inspector General of forests in India.

Question 4.The forest management in Java was under the ________ .Answer:Dutch

Question 5.After the Forest Act was enacted in 1865, ________ .Answer:It was amended twic

Question 6.Who were ‘Kalangs’ of Java ?Answer:Skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators

Question 7.What are wooden planks lay across railway tracks to hold these tracks in a position called ?Answer:Sleepers

Question 8.Why did the government decide to ban shifting cultivation ?Answer:Because when a forest was burnt, there was the danger of destroying valuable timber.

Question 9.Which type of trees were preferred by the forest department ?Answer:The trees those are suitable for building ships and railways.

Question 10.Indian Forest Service was set up in the year ________ .Answer:1864

Question 11.In shifting cultivation, seeds are sown ________ .Answer:After cleaning and burning the forest land.

Question 12.Give any two local terms for swidden agriculture.Answer:Dhya, Penda, Jhum, Kumri (any 2).

Question 13.Villagers were punished for ________ .Answer:Grazing cattle in young stands and cutting wood without a permit or travelling on forest roads with horse carts or cattle.

Question 14.Which forest community is found in Central India ?Answer:Boigas

Question 15.A British administrator killed 400 tigers. His name was ________ .Answer:George Yule.

Question 16.

The tribes recruited to work on tea plantation were ________ .Answer:Santhals and Oraons from Jharkhand, and Gonds from Chhattisgarh.

Question 17.The Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up at ________ .Answer:Dehradun.

Question 18.Why cure Mahua trees precious ?Answer:Mahua trees are precious because they are an essential part of village livelihood.

Question 19.What were siadi creepers used for ?Answer:They were used to make ropes.

Question 20.Name the three categories of forests as mentioned in the Act of 1878.Answer:Three categories were : Reserved, Protected and Village Forests.

Question 21.Which species of trees were promoted for the building of ships or railways ?Answer:Teak and Sal species were promoted for the building of ships or railways.

Question 22.What was the effect of Forest Act on the people living nearby ?Answer:People were forced to steal wood from the forests, and if they were caught, they were at the mercy of the forest guards who would take bribes from them.

Question 23.What steps were taken under the new scheme of scientific forestry ?Answer:Natural forests which had different types of trees, were cut down.
In their place, one type of trees were planted.


Question 24.What was the main cause of worry for the people of Bastar ?Answer:People of Bastar were most worried because the colonial government proposed to reserve 2/3rd of the forests in 1905 and stop shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce.

Question 25.What do you mean by the reserved forests ?Answer:The 1878 Act divided forests into three categories : reserved, protected and village forests. The best forests were called ‘reserved forests’.Villagers could not take anything from these forests, even for their own use. For house building or fuel, they could take wood from protected or village forests.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.What is deforestation ? Why is it considered harmful ?Answer:(a) The disappearance of forests is referred to as deforestation. Forests are cleared for industrial uses, cultivation, pastures and fuelwood.(b) Clearing of forests is harmful as forests give us many things like paper, wood that makes our desks, tables, doors and windows, dyes that colour our clothes, spices in our food, gum, honey, coffee, tea and rubber. Forests are the home of animals and birds. They preserve our ecological diversity and life support systems. That is why deforestation considered harmful.

Question 2.What are the new development in forestry ?Answer:Since the 1980s, governments across Asia and Africa have begun to see that scientific forestry and the policy of keeping forest communities away from forests has resulted in many conflicts. Conservation of forests rather than collecting timber has become a more important goal.

In many cases, across India, from Mizoram to Kerala, dense forests have survived only because villages protected them in sacred groves known as sarnas, devarakudu, kan, rai, etc. Some villages have been patrolling their own forests, with each household taking it in turns, instead of leaving it to the forest guards. Local forest communities and environmentalists today are thinking of different forms of forest management.

Question 3.
Why did the people of Bastar rise in revolt against the British ?
Answer:
They revolted because the British Government tried to reserve the forests which deprived the people of their rights to collect forest proc cts and to practise shifting cultivation.
Moreover, people were suffering from increased land rents and frequent demands for free labour and goods by colonial officials.
People of Bastar cannot collect forest products. The terrible famines of 1839-1900 and 1907-1908 forced them to revolt against British authorities.

Question 4.
How did the spread of railways from the 1850s in India, create a new demand for timber ?
Answer:
The spread of railways from the 1850s created a new demand. Railways were essential for colonial trade and for the movement of imperial troops. To run locomotives, wood was needed as fuel, and to lay railway lines sleepers were essential to hold the tracks together. Each mile of railway track required between 1,760 and 2,000 sleepers.

From the 1860s, the railway network expanded rapidly. The length of the railway tracks increased tremendously. As railway tracks increased, the need of timber also increased. More and more trees were felled. Contracts were given to individuals to supply timber. These contractors cut down trees indiscriminately. Railway tracks were soon devoid of forests.

Question 5.
What was the Blandongdiensten system ?
Answer:
The Dutch wanted timber from Java for ship-building and railways. In 1882, 280,000 sleepers were exported from Java alone. However, all this required labour to cut the trees, transport the logs and prepare the sleepers. The Dutch first imposed rents on land being cultivated in the forest and then exempted some villages from these rents if they worked collectively to provide free labour and buffaloes for cutting and transporting timber. This was known as the blandongdiensten system.

Question 6.
Give any three reasons why cultivation expanded rapidly in the colonial period.
Answer:
Cultivation expanded rapidly in the colonial period because :
The British encouraged the cultivation of commercial crops like jute, sugar, wheat and cotton.
They tried to increase the yield of agricultural products. 

They tried to increase their revenue and enhance the income of the state.

Question 7.
When was the Forest Act passed in India ? Why did it cause hardship for the villages across the country ?
Answer:
The Forest Act was enacted in 1865 and was amended twice in 1878 and 1927.
It divided the forests into three categories : reserved, protected and village forests. The best forests were known as the reserved forests. Villagers were not allowed to take anything from these forests, even for their own use.
This caused great hardship for the villagers. All their daily practices such as cutting wood for their houses, grazing their cattle, collecting fruits and roots, hunting and fishing became illegal.

People were now forced to steal wood from the forests. If they were caught by the forest guards, they were punished. Women could not collect fuelwood from the forests, forests guards and constables harassed them.

Question 8.
Why the Dutch adopted the ‘scorched earth policy’ during the war ?
Answer:
The Dutch adopted the ‘scorched earth policy’ during the war because :
The First World War and Second World War had a major impact on forests. In India, working plans were abandoned and trees were cut freely to meet British demand for war needs.

In Java, just before the Japanese occupied the region, the Dutch followed the ‘scorched earth policy’ destroying saw mills, burning huge piles of giant teak logs so that they could not fall into Japanese hands.

Question 9.
What did Dietrich Brandis suggest for the improvement of forests in India ?
Answer:
Dietrich Brandis suggested that:
A proper system had to be followed. People had to be trained in the science of conservation.
Felling of trees and grazing land had to be protected.
Rules about use of forests should be made. Anyone who broke rules needed to be punished.

Brandis set up in 1864 the Indian Forest Service. He also helped to formulate the Indian Forest Act of 1865.

Question 10.
Explain the term-scientific forestry.
Answer:
In scientific forestry, different types of natural forests were cut down. In their place one type of tree was planted in straight rows. This is called a plantation. Forest officials surveyed the forests, estimated the area under different types of trees and made working plans for forest management. They planned how much of the plantation area to be cut every year. The forest area was cut down then to be replanted.

Question 11.
Discuss in brief the Saminist movement of Indonesia.
Answer:
Around 1890, Surontiko Samin of Randublatung village, a teak forest village, began questioning state ownership of the forest. He argued that the state had not created the wind, water, earth and wood, so it could not own it. Soon a widespread movement developed. Amongst those who helped organise it was Samin’s sons-in-law. By 1907, 3,000 families were following his ideas. Some of the Saminists protested by lying down on their land when the Dutch came to survey it, while others refused to pay taxes or fines or perform labour.

Question 12.
“The people of Bastar speak different languages but share common customs and beliefs” Discuss.
Answer:
The people of Bastar believe that each village was given its land by the Earth, and in return, they look after the earth by making some offerings at each agricultural festival. In addition to the Earth, they show respect to the spirits of the river, the forest and the mountain. Since each village knows where its boundaries lie, the local people look after all the natural resources within that boundary. If people from a village want to take some wood from the forests of another village, they pay a small fee called devsari, dand or man in exchange.

Some villages also protect theiSPforests by engaging watchmen and each household contributes some grain to pay them. Every year there is one big hunt where the headmen of villages in a pargana (cluster of villages) meet and discuss issues of concern, including forests.

Question 13.
What were the different forest acts made by Britishers to control the forests ?
Answer:
The different forest Acts made by Britishers to control the forests were :
(a) In 1864 the Indian Forest Act Service was established.
(b) In 1865, the Indian Forest Act was passed.
(c) In 1878 and 1927 the India Forest Act was amended.
(d) The Act 1878 made three categories of forest that are Reserved Forests, Protected Forest and Village Forest.

Question 14
How did the changes in forest management in the colonial period affect the life of plantation owners ?
Answer:
The changes in forest management in the colonial period affect the life of plantation owners as :
The colonial power introduced plantation agriculture in India.
They flourished as large areas of natural forests were cleared to make way for tea, coffee and rubber plantation.

It was done to meet the demand of Europe. These areas were given to European planters for plantation at cheap rates.

Question 15.
Who were the Kalangs ? Why did they attack the Dutch forts at Joana ?
Answer:
The Kalangs were a community of Java. They were skilled forests cutters and shifting cultivators. They were so valuable that teak could not be harvested without them, nor could kings build their palaces.

When the Mataram Kingdom of Java split, the families of the Kalang community were divided equally between the two kingdoms. When the Dutch colonised Java they forced the Kalangs to work under them. The Kalangs resisted by attacking the Dutch fort at Joana, put the uprising was supressed.

Question 16.
What were the consequences of the forest laws which the Dutch enacted in Java ?
Answer:
In the 19th century, when it became important to central territory and not just people, the Dutch enacted forest law in Java. These laws restricted villagers’ access to forests. After these acts were imposed, wood could only be cut for specified purposes such as making river boats or constructing houses and that too only from specific forests and under close supervision. Those villagers who grazed cattle in young stands, transported wood without permit or travelled on forest lands with horse carts or cattle were punished.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why did commercial forestry become important during the British rule ?
Answer:
The commercial forestry become important during the British rule because :
By the early nineteenth century, oak forests in England were disappearing. This created a problem of timber supply for the Royal Navy.
English ships could not be built without a regular supply of strong and durable timber neither could imperial power be protected and maintained without ships.
For above both factors, before 1850, the commercial forestry was considered important in India. By the 1820s, search parties were sent to explore the forest . resources of India. These parties gave a green signal for commercial forestry in India. Within a decade, trees were being felled on a massive scale and large quantities of timber were being exported from India.

The spread of railway from the 1850s created a new demand for wood. In India the colonial government felt that railways were essential for effective colonial internal administration, colonial trade and for the quick movement of imperial troops. To run locomotives, wood was needed as fuel and to lay railway lines, sleepers were also essential to hold the track together.

Question 2.
How are forests useful for the villagers ?
Answer:
The forests useful for the villagers as :
In forest areas, people use forest products—roots, leaves, fruits and timbers—for many things. Fruits and roots are nutritious and good for health, especially during the monsoons before the harvest has come in.
Herbs are used for medicine, wood for agricultural implements like yokes and ploughs, bamboo makes excellent fences and is also used to make baskets and umbrellas.
A dried scooped-out gourd can be used as a portable water bottle. Almost everything is available in the forest-leaves can be stitched together to make disposable plates and cups, the siadi (Baubinia uablii) creeper can be used to make ropes, and the thorny bark of the semur (silk-cotton) tree is used to grate vegetables.

Oil for cooking and lighting lamps can be taken by pressing the fruit of the mahua tree.

Question 3.
Where is Bastar located ? How did the people by Bastan react against the British forest policies ?
Answer:
Bastar is situated in the southern part of Chhattisgarh and borders Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. The river Indrawati flows from east to west across Bastar. The central part of Bastar is a plateau. To the north of this plateau is the Chhattisgarh plain and to its south is the Godavari plain.

The people of Bastar were very worried when the colonial government proposed to reserve two-thirds of the forest in 1905, and stop shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce.
People began to gather and-‘discuss these issues in their village councils, in bazaars and at festivals or wherever the headmen and priests of several villages were assembled.
In 1910, mango boughs, a lump of earth, chillies and arrows, began circulating between villages. These were messages inviting villagers to rebel against the British.
Every village contributed something to the rebellion expenses. Bazaars were looted, the houses of officials and traders, schools and police stations were burnt and robbed, and grain redistributed.

Most of those who were attacked were in some way associated with the colonial state and its oppressive laws.

Question 4.
Mention the causes of deforestation in India under the colonial rule.
Answer:
During the colonial rule deforestation was more systematic and extensive. In the colonial period, cultivation expanded rapidly for various reasons.
The British encouraged the production of commercial crops like jute, sugar, wheat and cotton. The demand for these crops increased in the 19th century and forests were cleared to meet the foodgrains and raw materials needed for industrial growth in Europe where foodgrains were needed to feed the growing urban population and raw materials were required for industrial production.
The spread of railways from 1850 created a new demand. To run locomotives, wood was needed as fuel and to lay railway lines sleepers were necessary to hold the tracks together. From the 1860s, the railway network expanded rapidly. By 1890, about 25,500 km of track had been laid.
The government gave out contracts to individuals and the contractors began cutting the trees rapidly. Forests around the tracks disappeared.

Large areas of natural forests were cleared for tea, coffee and rubber plantations to meet Europe’s growing need for these commodities.

Extra Questions

Question 1.
Mention a few products that are got from forest.
Answer:
Forests provide us with innumerable products. Forest trees provide wood or timber as it is called. We make furniture, like tables and chairs from wood. Wood is also used to make doors and windows. Paper is made from wood pulp. Forests are a store –house for many herbs which are used as medicine. We get gum and rubber from forest trees. Rubber is a very important industrial raw material. So it is our duty to protect forests.

Question 2.
What is Deforestation?
Answer:
The cutting down and clearing of the forests is referred to as deforestation. Deforestation is an age old practice. It started many centuries ago.

During the period of industrialization, forests were cleared for industries to flourish. Deforestation took place to expand cultivation. Deforestation brought a lot of ecological changes in our planet. During the colonial rule it became more systematic and extensive.

Question 3.
What are ‘ railway sleepers’? How many sleepers are required for 1 mile of railway track?
Answer:
Railway Sleepers are wooden planks laid across railway tracks; they hold the tracks in position . Between 1,760 and 2,000 sleepers are needed to lay 1 mile of railway track . A single sleeper is approximately 10 feet by 10 inches by 5 inches that is 3.5 cubic feet. Wood for these sleepers came mainly from the Sind Forests. As the railway was fast expanding, there was need for more and more trees to be cut. In the Madras Presidency alone, 35,000 trees were cut annually for making sleepers.

Question 4.
Mention a few commercial crops. Why are they called so?
Answer:
Jute, sugar, wheat and cotton are called commercial crops. These crops are used in industries as raw material, so they are called commercial crops. Cotton is used in the manufacture of textiles. Sugar is used to make chocolates and various other confectionery products. Wheat, like sugar is used in the confectionery industry, with biscuits and bread being the major product.

Question 5.
Why did Britain turn to India for timber supply for its Royal Navy?
Answer:
The disappearance of the oak forests in England, created problems in timber supply for the Royal Navy. The Royal Navy could not survive without a regular supply of timber. So, the British started their search in all the colonial countries for a regular supply of timber. Their search resulted in the cutting down forests in India. Within a decade, a large amount of timber was exported from India.

Question 6.
Write a note on Dietrich Brandis.
Answer:
Dietrich Brandis was a German National and an expert in forest development. The British invited him to India , to seek his advise and he was made the first Inspector General of Forests in India, as the indiscriminate felling of trees worried the British .

Mr. Brandis thought that there should be some proper system to manage forests and the people have to be trained in scientific conservation. They restricted cutting of forest trees and grazing. Anybody who cut trees without permission was punished.
Mr. Brandis set up the Indian Forest Service in 1864. He also formulated the Indian Forest Act in 1865. The Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up at Dehradun in 1906. Mr. Brandis introduced the method of Scientific forestry. In this method, instead of different types of trees, only one type of tree is planted. Every year specific areas of the forest are cut and it is replanted. The trees are cut again after they grow.
The amendment to the Indian Forests Act , implemented by Mr. Brandis was enforced in 1878 . According to this amendment the forests were divided into three categories – reserved, protected and village forests.
Villagers were not happy with the Forest act that promoted only particular species like teak and sal which were needed for hard wood, as they were tall and straight. Villagers who use forest products like roots, leaves and fruits wanted forests with a mixture of species to satisfy different needs like fuel, fodder and food.

Question 7.
Where and when was the Imperial Forest Research Institute set up ?
Answer:
The Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up at Dehradun in 1906.

Question 8.
Write a brief note about the geographical location of Bastar.
Answer:
Bastar is located in the southernmost part of Chhattisgarh. It is surrounded by Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Maharashtra. The central part of Bastar is situated on a plateau. Chhattisgarh plain and the Godavari Plains are to the north and south of the plateau, respectively. The river Indrawati passes through Bastar from east to west.

Question 9.
Give a brief account of the people of Bastar.
Answer:
The people of Bastar belonged to different communities such as Maria and Muria Gonds, Dhurwas, Bhatras and Halbas. Though they spoke different languages they shared common customs and beliefs. The people of Bastar believed that the Earth was sacred and made offerings during agricultural festivals. In addition to the Earth, they respected the spirits of the river, the forest and the mountain.

The boundaries of each village was well marked and the people looked after all the natural resources within that boundary. If people from one village wanted to take some wood from the forests of another village, they paid a small fee called devsari, dand or man in exchange. Some villages protected their forests by engaging watchmen and each household had to contribute some grain to pay them.
Every year a big meeting is organised, where the headmen of villages meet and discuss issues of concern, including forests.

Question 10.
What was Samin’s Challenge?
Answer:
Surontiko Samin belonged to the Randublatung village in Java. The Randublatung village was a teak forest village. Samin challenged the Dutch saying that the state had not created the wind, water, earth and wood, so it could not own it.

Samin’s Challenge developed into a widespread movement. Samin was supported by his family members. Soon 3000 families followed his ideology and protested against the forest laws of the Dutch, by lying down on their land when the Dutch came to survey it. Many other villagers refused to pay taxes or fines . Some of them even refused to work for the Dutch in cutting trees.

Question 11.
What are the New Developments in Forestry ?
Answer:
Environmentalists have realised the need for ecological balance . Conservation of forests is now seen as an important requirement than growing trees for timber. In order to conserve forests the people living near the forests have to be involved. In India dense forests have survived only because villages protected them in sacred groves known as sarnas, devarakudu, kan and rai. Villages patrol their own forests, with each household taking turns to do it. They do not leave it to the forest guards.

Local forest communities and environmentalists today are thinking of different forms of forest management and conservation.

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