MARKETS AROUND US

CLASS-VII                           SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE-II

CHAPTER 8.       MARKETS AROUND US

Why we go to market

         To buy products

What are the kinds of markets

•        Shops

•        Hawker stalls

•        Weekly market

•        Large shopping malls

WEEKLY MARKET

•        No permanent shops

•        Held once in a week

•        Setup at different places in India

•        Many such markets exist.

•        Means for daily requirements

•        Available at cheaper rate

•        Sell product made at home – less costly

•        Permanent buildings have lot of expenditure as rent, electricity, fees to the govt. and wages to their workers

•        Good competition exists

•        Bargain and reduce price

•        Many things available at one place

•        Major advantage- from grocery to clothes to utensils

SHOPS IN NEIGHBORHOOD

•        SHOPS EXIST IN NEIGHBORHOOD

•        MILK

•        GROCERY

•        STATIONARY

•        EATABLES

•        SOME ARE PERMANENT SHOPS

•        OTHERS ARE ROADSIDE STALLS – VENDORS HAWKER

•        ARE NEAR TO HOME

•        CAN GO THERE ANY DAY

•        BUYER AND THERE ANY DAY

•        BUYER AND SELLER KNOW EACH OTHER

•        SHOPS DO PROVIDE GOODS ON CREDIT

SHOPPING COMPLEXES

•        Have many shops

•        Mall: large multi – storeyed air-conditioned buildings with shops on different floors

•        Both branded and non-branded goods

•        Branded goods are expensive, promoted by advertisements and quality

•        Special showrooms

•        Smaller number of people can buy branded products

CHAIN AND MARKETS

•        Series of market connected like as product pass from one market to another

•        Farmer- fertilizer- factory

•        Mechanic-repair-spair parts-factories

•        Goods produced in factories, farms or houses

•        Producers-traders-final consumers

•        Wholesalers-traders-retailors

MARKETS EVERYWHERE

•        Exist in specific locality

•        Now can place order by phone or internet

•        Home delivery options

•        Sales representative wait for doctors

•        Farmers purchase fertilizers to grow crops

•        Car factory purchases engines from factories

•        Market traders earn less profit than shopping complex traders

•        What is produced in one market reaches everywhere    ….the end….

STRUGGLES FOR EQUALITY

CLASS-VII :                SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE-II

CHAPTER 10.     STRUGGLES FOR EQUALITY

•        All Indians as equal before the law and states that no person can be discriminated against because of their religion, sex, caste or whether they are rich or poor.

•        All adults in India have the equal right to vote during elections.

•        This ‘power over the ballot box’ has been used by people to elect or replace their representatives.

•        Poverty and the lack of resources continue to be a key reason why so many people’s lives in India are highly unequal.

•        Discrimination on the basis of a person’s religion, sex, caste is another significant factor for why people are treated unequally in India.

•        Poverty and lack of dignity and respect for certain communities and groups come together in such powerful ways that it is difficult to identify where one aspect of inequality ends and other begins.

STRUGGLES FOR EQUALITY      

•        When dams are built or forest areas declared sanctuaries for animals, thousands of people are displaced.

•        Whole villages are uprooted and people are forced to go and built new homes, start new lives elsewhere.

•        In urban areas bastis are often uprooted. Someof them are relocated to areas outside the city.

•        This displacement of people and communities is a problem that has become quite widespread in our country. People usually come together fight against this.

TAWA MATSYA SANGH

•        This is a federation of Fisher worker’s cooperatives- an organization fighting for the rights of the displaced forest dwellers of the Satpura forest in Madhya Pradesh.

•        Tawa river- Flows from Mahadeva hills of Chindwara district and joins Narmada in Hoshangabad.

•        Tawa Dam- started in 1958 and was completed in 1978. it submerged large areas of forest and agricultural land.

•        Tehri dam- submerged old Tehri town and 100 villages. Around 1 lakh people were displaced.

•        In 1994- Govt. gave right of fishing to private contractors in tawa reservoir.

•        These contractors drove the local people away and got cheap labour from outside.

•        The villagers stood united and decided that it was time to set up an organization for their rights.

•        The newly formed Tawa Matsya Sangh (TMS) organized rallies and a chakka jam (road blockade).

•        The govt. create committee to assess the issue.

•        In 1996- people given the rights for fishing.

THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION AS A LIVING DOCUMENT

•        The Indian constitution recognizes the equality of all persons.

•        Movements and struggles for equality in India continuously refer to the Indian constitution to make their point about equality and justice for all.

•        In a democracy, there are communities and individuals trying to expand the idea of democracy and push for a greater recognition of equality on existing as well as new issues.

•        The dignity and self-respect of each person and their community can only be realized if they have adequate resources to support and nurture their families and if they are not discrimination against.

 

 

…….THE END…..

 

A SHIRT IN THE MARKET

CLASS-VII                          SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE-II

CHAPTER 9.       A SHIRT IN THE MARKET

CASE STUDY OF FARMER IN ANDHRA PRADESH: GROWING COTTON

•        Cotton bolls carry cotton

•        Balls don’t burst all at once. It takes several days to harvest

•        Requires input like pesticides and fertilizers

•        Borrow money for farm expenses

•        Repayment of loans

GINNING MILL

•        A factory where seeds are removed from cotton bolls. The cotton is pressed into bales to be sent for spinning into thread

•        Trader is a powerful man. Farmers depend on him for loans and to meet other exigencies such as illness, children’s school fees

•        In case of no farm income farmers borrow money for survival

CLOTH MARKET- ERODE

•        Erode’s bi-weekly cloth market in Tamil Nadu is one of the largest cloth market in the world

•        Cloth by weavers is brought for sale

•        Cloth merchants buy the cloth

•        Merchants supply it to garment manufacturer or exporter

•        Weavers take the yarn from traders and bring back finished product from power looms

BENEFIT FOR WEAVERS

•        Weavers don’t spend money to buy yarn

•        Weavers don’t have to bother about selling the product

•        They know what to make and how much to weave

WEAVERS’ DEPENDENCY ON MERCHANTS

•        Merchants get more power

•        They give the order for cloth and pay low prices

•        Weavers don’t know for whom they are making the cloth

•        Weavers don’t know the price at which the trader would sell the cloth

•        Merchants sell it to garment factories and market is in favor of merchants

•        Weavers invest there saving or borrow money to buy looms (cost of 1 loom is around Rs. 20,000)- they work 12 hours a day and get Rs,3500 per month

PUTTING OUT SYSTEM

•        Merchants supplies the raw materials and receives the furnished product-Prevalent in India

Weaver cooperatives

•        Weaver’s cooperatives reduce dependence on the merchant and to earn a higher income for the weavers

•        Weavers from group and procure yarn from yarn dealers and distribute among weavers- also do marketing, reduces role of merchants

•        Tamil Nadu runs free school uniform program. Govt. procures the  cloth for this program from the power loom weaver’s  cooperatives. Govt. buys cloth from the hand loom weaver’s cooperatives and sells it through stores known as Co-optex

GARMENT FACTORY

•        Use cloth for shirt marketing

•        US and Europe business persons who run the stores- demand lowest price from suppliers

•        Quality of production and delivery time is set up

•        Exporter tries best to meet the condition

•        Exporting factories- cut cost and so pay less wages to workers, maximize profit and supply garment at cheap-price

•        Highest are highest paid with workers with Rs.3000 per month

•        Women are employed as helpers for thread cutting, buttoning, ironing and packaging

PRICE OF SHIRT IN USA

•        Profit Rs. 600

•        Advertising Rs. 300

•        Storage, etc. Rs. 100

•        Purchase Rs. 200

•        Garment exporter sold at Rs.200/shirt

•        Cloth and raw-materials cost him Rs.70/per shirt

•        Workers wage cost him Rs.15/per shirt

•        Buying and selling occurs at many points-till it reaches supermarket

•        Foreign business person makes wages huge profits

•        Garment export factory gets enough to meet its daily needs

•        The weaver doesn’t get a fair price for the product

•        Not everyone gains equally in market

•        Rich and powerful gets the maximum earning- who have money, shops and land holdings

•        Poor are exploited because of dependence

 

 

THE END

UNDERSTANDING ADVERTISEMENTS

 

CLASS-VII                           SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE-II

CHAPTER 7.                UNDERSTANDING ADVERTISEMENTS

Where we get advertisements?

•        TV, Radio, Newspapers, Hoardings

•        Taxis and Rickshaws

What advertisements do?

•        Draw attention to products

•        Describe the product

•        Create interest to buy the product

Branding

•        Builders Brand: stamping product with particular name and sign

•        Branding differentiate it from other products

•        Pulses are sold as: urad, moong, tur (now 24 organics or Top Taste Daal- branding)

•        Convince to use that product- either as value or taste (in above example)

•        Helps to give an appealing image

•        People judge others based on brands used

•        Branded pulses would cost more than loose pulses- cost of packaging and advertising included- no more insects, no more requirement to seal, longer shelf life

•        Linking personal emotions to advertisements – help to increase sales

•        Publicized by film stars or heroes- links to life style of rich

•        Life style: Peoples lives being identified by the products they own, the clothes they wear, the places they eat in, etc.

•        Patanjali: popularized by Baba Ramadev (Indigenous Brand)- comparing prices

 

 

 

 

What the reality?

•        A popular model may charge Rs.5 lakhs or more per advertisement

•        The telecast rate for a 30 second advertisement on a major TV channel is Rs. 1.65 lakh

•        Cost of bringing out a quarter page color advertisement in a leading news paper is Rs. 8.36 lakh

•        Costs a lot of money

•        Only large companies can advertise

•        Home made industries- cannot advertise

•        Sell in weekly markets

•        Packaged product negatively affects the small business- quality creates lack of respect for poor and small industries

•        Those who cannot afford to buy feel unhappy or bad

•        These usually focus on lives of rich- equality in society is not matched

•        Plays strong influence on daily lives

How is advertisement made?

•        Not easy

•        Lot of market research is involved

•        After seeing advertisement- person must intent to buy

•        Associate them

 

 

 

………The end………