6.
DEMOCRACY
SECTION
A — MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Instructions:
Choose the correct option. The correct answer is given below each question.
1. Democracy is a form of
government where the source of power lies with:
(a)
The monarch
(b)
The military
(c)
The citizens
(d)
The bureaucracy
Answer:
(c) The citizens
2. India's Constitution
was adopted on:
(a)
15 August 1947
(b)
26 November 1949
(c)
26 January 1950
(d)
2 October 1950
Answer:
(b) 26 November 1949
3. The Constitution of
India came into force on:
(a)
26 November 1949
(b)
15 August 1947
(c)
26 January 1950
(d)
1 January 1950
Answer:
(c) 26 January 1950
4. As per 2024 data,
India's registered voter base is approximately:
(a)
50 crore
(b)
75 crore
(c)
96.8 crore
(d)
120 crore
Answer:
(c) 96.8 crore
5. India's population is
stated in the chapter as over:
(a)
100 crore
(b)
120 crore
(c)
140 crore
(d)
150 crore
Answer:
(c) 140 crore
6. Which Vedic
institutions involved collective decision-making?
(a)
Sabha, Samiti, Vidhata
(b)
Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha
(c)
Gram Sabha, Zila Parishad
(d)
Panchayat, Municipality
Answer:
(a) Sabha, Samiti, Vidhata
7. Early republican
states in ancient India were known as:
(a)
Mandalas
(b)
Ganas or Sanghas
(c)
Janapadas only
(d)
Zamindaris
Answer:
(b) Ganas or Sanghas
8. The Aikyamatya Sūktam
verse is found in the:
(a)
Ramayana
(b)
Ṛig Veda
(c)
Mahabharata
(d)
Arthashastra
Answer:
(b) Ṛig Veda
9. The Aikyamatya Sūktam
emphasises:
(a)
Warfare strategy
(b)
Collective thinking and unity of purpose
(c)
Trade practices
(d)
Agricultural methods
Answer:
(b) Collective thinking and unity of purpose
10. The Bauddha Sangha
was established by:
(a)
Mahavira
(b)
Gautama Buddha
(c)
Ashoka
(d)
Adi Shankaracharya
Answer:
(b) Gautama Buddha
11. Members of the
Bauddha Sangha chose their leader through:
(a)
Hereditary succession
(b)
Royal appointment
(c)
Voting
(d)
Lottery
Answer:
(c) Voting
12. By the 19th century,
most of the Indian subcontinent was colonised by:
(a)
The Portuguese
(b)
The French
(c)
The British
(d)
The Dutch
Answer:
(c) The British
13. The Constituent
Assembly was formed in:
(a)
1945
(b)
1946
(c)
1947
(d)
1950
Answer:
(b) 1946
14. The Constituent
Assembly took how long to draft the Constitution?
(a)
1 year 6 months
(b)
2 years 11 months 18 days
(c)
3 years 5 months
(d)
5 years
Answer:
(b) 2 years 11 months 18 days
15. India's Constitution
is often described as the world's:
(a)
Shortest written constitution
(b)
Longest written constitution
(c)
Oldest constitution
(d)
Only unwritten constitution
Answer:
(b) Longest written constitution
16. Constitutional
amendments are provided for under:
(a)
Article 32
(b)
Article 356
(c)
Article 368
(d)
Article 370
Answer:
(c) Article 368
17. Who was the Chairman
of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution of India?
(a)
Jawaharlal Nehru
(b)
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
(c)
Sardar Patel
(d)
Rajendra Prasad
Answer:
(b) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
18. Popular Sovereignty
means:
(a)
Power lies with the army
(b)
Power lies with the people
(c)
Power lies with the judiciary alone
(d)
Power lies with foreign nations
Answer:
(b) Power lies with the people
19. Universal Adult
Franchise gives voting rights to citizens aged:
(a)
16 and above
(b)
18 and above
(c)
21 and above
(d)
25 and above
Answer:
(b) 18 and above
20. Voting in India is
done through:
(a)
Open show of hands
(b)
Secret ballot
(c)
Public declaration
(d)
Community consensus
Answer:
(b) Secret ballot
21. Rule of Law ensures
that:
(a)
Powerful individuals are above the law
(b)
No one is above the law
(c)
Only citizens above 60 are protected
(d)
Laws apply only to government officials
Answer:
(b) No one is above the law
22. "Equality before
the law" means:
(a)
Only the rich get legal protection
(b)
Every individual is treated equally by the law irrespective of status
(c)
Laws differ by caste
(d)
Officials are exempt from law
Answer:
(b) Every individual is treated equally by the law irrespective of status
23. Disputes under Rule
of Law are resolved through:
(a)
Force
(b)
Personal influence
(c)
Procedures established by law
(d)
Public voting
Answer:
(c) Procedures established by law
24. How many Fundamental
Rights are enshrined in the Indian Constitution?
(a)
Four
(b)
Five
(c)
Six
(d)
Seven
Answer:
(c) Six
25. The Right to Equality
is covered under Articles:
(a)
14–18
(b)
19–22
(c)
23–24
(d)
25–28
Answer:
(a) 14–18
26. The Right to Freedom
is covered under Articles:
(a)
14–18
(b)
19–22
(c)
23–24
(d)
29–30
Answer:
(b) 19–22
27. The Right Against
Exploitation is covered under Articles:
(a)
19–22
(b)
23–24
(c)
25–28
(d)
32
Answer:
(b) 23–24
28. The Right to Freedom
of Religion is covered under Articles:
(a)
19–22
(b)
23–24
(c)
25–28
(d)
29–30
Answer:
(c) 25–28
29. Cultural and
Educational Rights are covered under Articles:
(a)
25–28
(b)
29–30
(c)
32
(d)
21A
Answer:
(b) 29–30
30. The Right to
Constitutional Remedies is covered under Article:
(a)
14
(b)
19
(c)
32
(d)
368
Answer:
(c) 32
31. Citizens can seek
constitutional remedies for violation of Fundamental Rights under Articles:
(a)
14 and 19
(b)
32 and 226
(c)
356 and 360
(d)
243
(d)
and 243(t)
Answer:
(b) 32 and 226
32. The Right to Education
was added to the Constitution as:
(a)
Article 14A
(b)
Article 19A
(c)
Article 21A
(d)
Article 32A
Answer:
(c) Article 21A
33. The Right to
Education (Article 21A) was added in the year:
(a)
2000
(b)
2005
(c)
2009
(d)
2015
Answer:
(c) 2009
34. Article 21A
guarantees free and compulsory education for children aged:
(a)
3–6 years
(b)
6–14 years
(c)
14–18 years
(d)
5–12 years
Answer:
(b) 6–14 years
35. Which organ of
government makes laws?
(a)
Executive
(b)
Judiciary
(c)
Legislature
(d)
Media
Answer:
(c) Legislature
36. Which organ of
government implements laws?
(a)
Legislature
(b)
Executive
(c)
Judiciary
(d)
Civil Society
Answer:
(b) Executive
37. Which organ of
government interprets laws?
(a)
Legislature
(b)
Executive
(c)
Judiciary
(d)
Election Commission
Answer:
(c) Judiciary
38. Separation of powers
is essential for maintaining:
(a)
Foreign relations
(b)
Checks and balances
(c)
Trade agreements
(d)
Cultural exchange
Answer:
(b) Checks and balances
39. PIL stands for:
(a)
Public Interest Litigation
(b)
Private Interest Law
(c)
Public Institutional Law
(d)
Political Interest Litigation
Answer:
(a) Public Interest Litigation
40. The RTI Act was
enacted in the year:
(a)
2000
(b)
2005
(c)
2009
(d)
2010
Answer:
(b) 2005
41. RTI stands for:
(a)
Right to Information
(b)
Right to Institution
(c)
Rule to Information
(d)
Right to Interpretation
Answer:
(a) Right to Information
42. Which of the
following is NOT an accountability mechanism mentioned in the chapter?
(a)
CAG
(b)
CIC
(c)
Lokpal
(d)
NCC
Answer:
(d) NCC
43. CAG stands for:
(a)
Central Accounts General
(b)
Comptroller and Auditor General
(c)
Central Auditor Government
(d)
Controller of Accounts and Governance
Answer:
(b) Comptroller and Auditor General
44. In a multi-party
system, the government is formed by the party/coalition that secures:
(a)
At least 25% seats
(b)
More than 50% seats
(c)
Exactly 50% seats
(d)
All the seats
Answer:
(b) More than 50% seats
45. Political parties in
India function under the:
(a)
RTI Act, 2005
(b)
Representation of the People Act, 1951
(c)
PESA Act, 1996
(d)
Article 368
Answer:
(b) Representation of the People Act, 1951
46. As per the chapter,
India has over how many registered political parties?
(a)
500
(b)
1,000
(c)
2,800
(d)
5,000
Answer:
(c) 2,800
47. Article 46 of the Constitution
relates to:
(a)
Separation of powers
(b)
Protection of educational and economic interests of weaker sections
(c)
Emergency provisions
(d)
Amendment procedure
Answer:
(b) Protection of educational and economic interests of weaker sections
48. Media is often
referred to as the:
(a)
First pillar of democracy
(b)
Second pillar of democracy
(c)
Third pillar of democracy
(d)
Fourth pillar of democracy
Answer:
(d) Fourth pillar of democracy
49. In Direct Democracy,
citizens:
(a)
Elect representatives to decide everything
(b)
Directly participate in most decision-making processes
(c)
Have no voting rights
(d)
Are ruled by a monarch
Answer:
(b) Directly participate in most decision-making processes
50. Which country is
given as an example of Direct Democracy?
(a)
India
(b)
USA
(c)
Switzerland
(d)
Canada
Answer:
(c) Switzerland
51. In a Representative
Democracy:
(a)
People directly govern
(b)
People elect representatives who govern
(c)
There are no elections
(d)
Only one party exists
Answer:
(b) People elect representatives who govern
52. India is an example
of which type of democracy (based on participation)?
(a)
Direct Democracy
(b)
Representative Democracy
(c)
No democracy
(d)
Military rule
Answer:
(b) Representative Democracy
53. In a Parliamentary
Democracy:
(a)
The executive is independent of the legislature
(b)
Members of the executive are also part of the legislature
(c)
The President is directly elected and heads the government
(d)
There is no accountability
Answer:
(b) Members of the executive are also part of the legislature
54. Which of the
following is an example of Parliamentary Democracy?
(a)
USA
(b)
India and Canada
(c)
China
(d)
Saudi Arabia
Answer:
(b) India and Canada
55. In a Presidential
Democracy:
(a)
The executive is part of the legislature
(b)
The executive is independent of the legislature
(c)
There is no President
(d)
The Prime Minister heads the government
Answer:
(b) The executive is independent of the legislature
56. Which country is an
example of Presidential Democracy?
(a)
United Kingdom
(b)
India
(c)
United States of America
(d)
Canada
Answer:
(c) United States of America
57. In India, the Head of
State is the:
(a)
Prime Minister
(b)
President
(c)
Chief Justice
(d)
Speaker of Lok Sabha**
Answer:
(b) President
58. In India, the Head of
Government is the:
(a)
President
(b)
Prime Minister
(c)
Governor
(d)
Chief Justice
Answer:
(b) Prime Minister
59. In the United
Kingdom, the Head of State is the:
(a)
Prime Minister
(b)
Monarch
(c)
President
(d)
Governor-General
Answer:
(b) Monarch
60. The United Kingdom
has a:
(a)
Written constitution
(b)
Unwritten constitution
(c)
No constitution
(d)
Presidential system
Answer:
(b) Unwritten constitution
61. In Canada, the Head
of State is appointed by the Crown of the UK and is known as:
(a)
President
(b)
Prime Minister
(c)
Governor-General
(d)
Chancellor
Answer:
(c) Governor-General
62. In Switzerland,
executive power lies with the:
(a)
President alone
(b)
Federal Council
(c)
Parliament
(d)
Monarch
Answer:
(b) Federal Council
63. Federalism refers to:
(a)
Concentration of power in the Centre only
(b)
Sharing of power between central and state governments
(c)
Rule by a single party
(d)
Direct rule by citizens
Answer:
(b) Sharing of power between central and state governments
64. In India's federal
structure, residual power remains with the:
(a)
State governments
(b)
Local bodies
(c)
Central government
(d)
Judiciary
Answer:
(c) Central government
65. Sovereignty is
derived from the Latin word:
(a)
Superanus
(b)
Democratia
(c)
Republica
(d)
Civitas
Answer:
(a) Superanus
66. Sovereignty refers
to:
(a)
Limited authority of local bodies
(b)
Supreme, final, and independent legal authority of a State
(c)
Power of foreign nations
(d)
Power of the media
Answer:
(b) Supreme, final, and independent legal authority of a State
67. As per the chapter,
an average Member of Parliament in India (2019) represents about:
(a)
5 lakh people
(b)
10 lakh people
(c)
25 lakh people
(d)
50 lakh people
Answer:
(c) 25 lakh people
68. Indian elections are
conducted in how many scheduled languages?
(a)
15
(b)
18
(c)
22
(d)
28
Answer:
(c) 22
69. Election symbols are
used in India mainly to help:
(a)
Educated voters
(b)
Illiterate voters vote independently
(c)
Political parties campaign
(d)
Reduce the number of candidates
Answer:
(b) Illiterate voters vote independently
70. As per the chapter,
India has set up how many polling stations (approx.)?
(a)
5 lakh
(b)
Over 1 million
(c)
2 lakh
(d)
50,000
Answer:
(b) Over 1 million
71. India's
constitutional framework operates through a:
(a)
One-tier system
(b)
Two-tier system
(c)
Three-tier system
(d)
Four-tier system
Answer:
(c) Three-tier system
72. The three tiers of
Indian government are:
(a)
Union, State, Local
(b)
Union, District, Village
(c)
Centre, Panchayat, Municipality
(d)
National, Regional, Local
Answer:
(a) Union, State, Local
73. Autonomous District
Councils (ADCs) are established mainly in:
(a)
Southern India
(b)
North-eastern regions
(c)
Western India
(d)
Central India
Answer:
(b) North-eastern regions
74. The PESA Act was
enacted in the year:
(a)
1990
(b)
1993
(c)
1996
(d)
2000
Answer:
(c) 1996
75. PESA stands for:
(a)
Panchayats Extension to Scheduled Areas
(b)
Public Election Support Act
(c)
Panchayat Empowerment and Service Act
(d)
People's Electoral System Act
Answer:
(a) Panchayats Extension to Scheduled Areas
76. Under the PESA Act,
the primary decision-making body in tribal areas is the:
(a)
Municipality
(b)
Gram Sabha
(c)
District Court
(d)
State Assembly
Answer:
(b) Gram Sabha
77. Jethipura Gram
Panchayat, awarded in 2019, is located in the state of:
(a)
Tripura
(b)
Gujarat
(c)
Kerala
(d)
Punjab
Answer:
(b) Gujarat
78. Jethipura Gram
Panchayat received which award?
(a)
Bharat Ratna
(b)
Nanaji Deshmukh Rashtriya Gaurav Gram Sabha Puraskar
(c)
Padma Shri
(d)
National Panchayat Award
Answer:
(b) Nanaji Deshmukh Rashtriya Gaurav Gram Sabha Puraskar
79. South Manubankul Gram
Panchayat is located in:
(a)
Gujarat
(b)
Tripura
(c)
Assam
(d)
Odisha
Answer:
(b) Tripura
80. South Manubankul Gram
Panchayat was recognised at the national level as a:
(a)
Model education panchayat
(b)
Women-friendly panchayat
(c)
Digital panchayat
(d)
Zero-waste panchayat
Answer:
(b) Women-friendly panchayat
81. In Britain, women
received full voting rights in:
(a)
1918
(b)
1920
(c)
1928
(d)
1950
Answer:
(c) 1928
82. In the United States
of America, women received voting rights in:
(a)
1920
(b)
1928
(c)
1935
(d)
1950
Answer:
(a) 1920
83. In India, women
received the right to vote:
(a)
After a long legal struggle
(b)
Immediately with the Constitution in 1950
(c)
Only after 1970
(d)
Only in urban areas initially
Answer:
(b) Immediately with the Constitution in 1950
84. Article 243(d) of the
Constitution provides reservation for women in:
(a)
Municipalities
(b)
Panchayats
(c)
Parliament
(d)
State Assemblies
Answer:
(b) Panchayats
85. Article 243(d)
mandates a minimum reservation of:
(a)
One-fourth
(b)
One-third
(c)
Half
(d)
Two-thirds
Answer:
(b) One-third
86. Article 243(t) of the
Constitution provides reservation for women in:
(a)
Panchayats
(b)
Municipalities
(c)
Parliament
(d)
Judiciary
Answer:
(b) Municipalities
87. As of 2023, how many
states/UTs give 50% reservation for women in Urban Local Bodies?
(a)
10 States
(b)
17 States and 1 UT
(c)
21 States and 2 UTs
(d)
All States
Answer:
(b) 17 States and 1 UT
88. A major challenge to
democracy highlighted in the chapter is the spread of:
(a)
Educational institutions
(b)
Fake news/misinformation
(c)
Political parties
(d)
Local bodies
Answer:
(b) Fake news/misinformation
89. The National
Emergency in India was imposed in the year:
(a)
1971
(b)
1973
(c)
1975
(d)
1977
Answer:
(c) 1975
90. The Emergency
(1975–77) was imposed during the government led by:
(a)
Jawaharlal Nehru
(b)
Indira Gandhi
(c)
Lal Bahadur Shastri
(d)
Morarji Desai
Answer:
(b) Indira Gandhi
91. The Emergency was
imposed on the grounds of:
(a)
External aggression
(b)
Internal disturbance
(c)
Financial crisis
(d)
Natural disaster
Answer:
(b) Internal disturbance
92. During the Emergency,
which of the following happened?
(a)
Fundamental Rights were strengthened
(b)
The press was censored
(c)
Elections were held every year
(d)
Political parties were abolished permanently
Answer:
(b) The press was censored
93. Jayaprakash Narayan,
who led mass movements during the Emergency, was popularly known as:
(a)
Netaji
(b)
Lok Nayak
(c)
Sardar
(d)
Mahatma
Answer:
(b) Lok Nayak
94. The Emergency mass
movements were especially strong in:
(a)
Punjab and Haryana
(b)
Bihar and Gujarat
(c)
Kerala and Tamil Nadu
(d)
West Bengal and Odisha
Answer:
(b) Bihar and Gujarat
95. The Emergency was
lifted in the year:
(a)
1975
(b)
1976
(c)
1977
(d)
1980
Answer:
(c) 1977
96. After the Emergency
was lifted, general elections in 1977 resulted in:
(a)
Re-election of the same government
(b)
Defeat of the ruling government
(c)
Cancellation of elections
(d)
Formation of a monarchy
Answer:
(b) Defeat of the ruling government
97. Articles 352, 356,
and 360 of the Constitution deal with:
(a)
Fundamental Rights
(b)
National Emergency, President's Rule, Financial Emergency
(c)
Directive Principles
(d)
Amendment procedures
Answer:
(b) National Emergency, President's Rule, Financial Emergency
98. NSS stands for:
(a)
National Service Scheme
(b)
National Security Scheme
(c)
National Student Society
(d)
National Social Service
Answer:
(a) National Service Scheme
99. NCC stands for:
(a)
National Cadet Corps
(b)
National Civic Council
(c)
National Cultural Corps
(d)
National Constitutional Committee
Answer:
(a) National Cadet Corps
100. Civic
responsibility, as per the chapter, includes:
(a)
Ignoring public issues
(b)
Using social media irresponsibly
(c)
Respecting others' rights and following laws
(d)
Avoiding community participation
Answer:
(c) Respecting others' rights and following laws
SECTION B — SHORT ANSWER
TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Define democracy in your own words, highlighting its key
features.
Answer:
Democracy is a system of government in which the ultimate power rests with the
people. Citizens elect their representatives through free and fair elections.
It is based on the principles of freedom, equality, justice, rights, duties,
and active participation in decision-making. In India, democracy is guided by
the Constitution, which protects the rights of all citizens.
2. Why is India called the "world's largest democracy"?
Give supporting facts.
Answer:
India is called the world's largest democracy because it has over 140
crore people and 96.8 crore registered voters (2024).
Elections are conducted in 22 scheduled languages, with over
one million polling stations, even in remote areas. India also has more
than 2,800 registered political parties, making it the largest
participatory democracy in the world.
3. What role does the Constitution play in safeguarding the rights
of citizens?
Answer:
The Constitution guarantees and protects the Fundamental Rights of all
citizens. It prevents discrimination on the basis of religion, race, caste,
sex, or place of birth. It also ensures participation in democratic processes
through elections and provides legal remedies when rights are violated.
4. Explain the concept of Popular Sovereignty with reference to the
Indian Constitution.
Answer:
Popular Sovereignty means that the ultimate authority of the State lies with
the people. Citizens exercise this power by electing their representatives
through free and fair elections. The government derives its authority from the
people and remains accountable to them.
5. What is meant by Universal Adult Franchise? Why is it
significant?
Answer:
Universal Adult Franchise is the right of every citizen aged 18 years
and above to vote without discrimination. It allows all eligible
citizens to participate equally in choosing their government. This strengthens
democracy by ensuring equal political participation.
6. Explain the meaning of Rule of Law and its importance in a
democracy.
Answer:
The Rule of Law means that everyone is equal before the law and no one is above
it. Laws are applied fairly, disputes are settled through courts, and no person
can be punished without due process. It protects citizens' rights and promotes
justice, accountability, and trust in democracy.
7. Differentiate between "Equality before the Law" and
"Equal Protection of the Law."
Answer:
|
Equality
before the Law |
Equal
Protection of the Law |
|
Everyone
is treated equally before the law regardless of status. |
Persons
in similar circumstances receive equal treatment under the law. |
|
No
one enjoys special privileges. |
Prevents
discrimination in applying laws. |
Both principles ensure justice and fairness
in a democracy.
8. List the six Fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Indian
Constitution.
Answer:
The six Fundamental Rights are:
1.
Right to Equality
2.
Right to Freedom
3.
Right Against Exploitation
4.
Right to Freedom of Religion
5.
Cultural and Educational Rights
6.
Right to Constitutional Remedies
These rights protect the freedom, dignity,
and equality of citizens.
9. What is the significance of Article 21A in the Indian
Constitution?
Answer:
Article 21A provides the Right to Education. It guarantees
free and compulsory education for all children between the ages of 6
and 14 years. It promotes literacy, equality, and social development
by ensuring every child receives basic education.
10. Explain the principle of Separation of Powers with a suitable
example.
Answer:
The principle of Separation of Powers divides government authority among the
Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary. The Legislature makes laws, the
Executive implements them, and the Judiciary interprets them. For example,
while Parliament can amend the Constitution, the Judiciary can review such
amendments to ensure they follow constitutional principles.
11. What is Public Interest Litigation (PIL)? Why is it important?
Answer:
Public Interest Litigation (PIL) is a legal action filed in a court to protect
public interest. It helps people seek justice even if they are unable to
approach the courts directly. PIL makes the judiciary more accessible and
protects citizens' rights.
12. How does the Right to Information Act, 2005 promote
accountability and transparency?
Answer:
The RTI Act, 2005 allows citizens to obtain information from government
departments. It makes government functioning more transparent, reduces
corruption, and strengthens accountability by enabling citizens to monitor
public authorities.
13. Explain the role of a multi-party system in a democracy.
Answer:
A multi-party system allows several political parties to contest elections and
represent different social, regional, and ideological interests. It gives
citizens more choices and promotes healthy competition, making the government
more accountable.
14. What is the significance of Article 46 of the Constitution in
protecting vulnerable groups?
Answer:
Article 46 directs the State to promote the educational and economic interests
of weaker sections, especially Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. It also
protects them from social injustice and exploitation, helping achieve social
equality.
15. Why is the media referred to as the "fourth pillar of
democracy"?
Answer:
The media informs citizens about important events, raises public issues, and
encourages public discussion. It helps hold the government accountable and
safeguards democratic values. Therefore, it is known as the "fourth pillar
of democracy."
16. Differentiate between Direct Democracy and Representative
Democracy with examples.
Answer:
|
Direct
Democracy |
Representative
Democracy |
|
Citizens
directly participate in decision-making. |
Citizens
elect representatives to govern. |
|
Suitable
for smaller countries. |
Suitable
for large countries. |
|
Example:
Switzerland |
Example:
India |
17. Differentiate between Parliamentary Democracy and Presidential
Democracy with examples.
Answer:
|
Parliamentary
Democracy |
Presidential
Democracy |
|
Executive
is responsible to the Legislature. |
Executive
is independent of the Legislature. |
|
Prime
Minister is the Head of Government. |
President
is both Head of State and Government. |
|
Example:
India |
Example:
USA |
18. Explain the concept of Federalism as followed in India.
Answer:
Federalism is a system in which powers are shared between the Central
Government and the State Governments. The Constitution distributes powers
through the Union, State, and Concurrent Lists, while residual powers remain
with the Centre. This ensures unity while respecting regional diversity.
19. Define Sovereignty and explain its significance for a State.
Answer:
Sovereignty means the supreme and independent authority of a State over its
territory and citizens. It enables the State to make laws, govern
independently, and protect its national interests without external
interference.
20. Describe the role of the Sabha, Samiti, and Vidhata in Vedic
India.
Answer:
The Sabha, Samiti, and Vidhata were assemblies in Vedic India that encouraged
consultation and collective decision-making. Kings worked with these bodies
instead of ruling alone. These institutions reflect the early democratic
traditions of India.
21. How did the functioning of the Bauddha Sangha reflect
democratic traditions?
Answer:
The Bauddha Sangha encouraged discussion, debate, and voting. Members elected
their leaders and participated in collective decision-making. These practices
reflected democratic values such as equality, consultation, and participation.
22. What role did the Constituent Assembly play in shaping India's
democracy?
Answer:
The Constituent Assembly drafted the Constitution of India between 1946 and
1949. It debated democratic principles and created a flexible Constitution that
guarantees liberty, equality, justice, and fraternity while allowing amendments
to meet changing needs.
23. Explain the three-tier system of government in India.
Answer:
India has a three-tier system consisting of the Union Government, State
Governments, and Local Governments (Panchayats and Municipalities).
This system promotes administrative efficiency and democratic participation at
all levels.
24. What is the significance of the PESA Act, 1996, for tribal
areas?
Answer:
The Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 empowers the Gram Sabha
in tribal areas as the primary decision-making body. It protects tribal
customs, traditions, and self-governance while encouraging democratic
participation.
25. Describe any one case study of grassroots democracy mentioned
in the chapter.
Answer:
The Jethipura Gram Panchayat (Gujarat) promoted active
participation through Special Gram Sabhas, Mahila Sabhas, and welfare
programmes for women, children, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes. Its
effective functioning earned it the Nanaji Deshmukh Rashtriya Gaurav Gram Sabha
Puraskar in 2019.
26. Explain the constitutional provisions for women's reservation
in local bodies.
Answer:
Article 243(d) provides at least one-third reservation for
women in Panchayats, while Article 243(t) provides one-third
reservation in Municipalities. Many States have increased this reservation to 50%,
promoting women's participation in local governance.
27. Compare women's struggle for voting rights in Britain, the USA,
and India.
Answer:
Women in Britain received full voting rights in 1928,
and in the USA in 1920, after long struggles.
In contrast, Indian women received voting rights from the very beginning when
the Constitution came into force in 1950 under Universal Adult
Franchise, without prolonged legal battles.
28. What challenges does misinformation on social media pose to
Indian democracy?
Answer:
Misinformation spreads false information, influences public opinion, creates
confusion, and may lead to conflict. It weakens democratic values and
highlights the importance of media literacy and access to authentic
information.
29. Briefly explain the causes and effects of the Emergency
(1975–77) in India.
Answer:
The Emergency was imposed due to political unrest, rising unemployment,
inflation, and protests. During this period, Fundamental Rights were suspended,
the press was censored, and many political leaders were arrested. It tested
Indian democracy but also demonstrated its resilience when free elections were
restored in 1977.
30. How can young citizens contribute to strengthening democracy in
their everyday lives?
Answer:
Young citizens can strengthen democracy by staying informed, respecting the
Constitution, using social media responsibly, participating in community
service through NSS and NCC, following Fundamental Duties, and taking
leadership roles in school and society. Responsible citizenship helps build a
stronger democracy.
SECTION C — LONG ANSWER
TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Trace the evolution of democratic traditions in India from early
times to the formation of the Constituent Assembly.
Answer:
India has a long tradition of democratic
values that dates back to the Vedic period. Institutions such as the Sabha,
Samiti, and Vidhata encouraged consultation and collective
decision-making. The Bauddha Sangha also practised democratic
methods by allowing debate, discussion, voting, and the election of leaders.
During British rule, democratic participation
was limited, but the freedom struggle revived democratic ideals among the
people. In 1946, the Constituent Assembly was
formed to draft the Constitution. After nearly 2 years, 11 months, and
18 days of debate, it adopted a Constitution that established India as
a democratic republic based on liberty, equality, justice, and fraternity.
2. Discuss the essential principles of democracy that are upheld
through the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
The Indian Constitution upholds several
essential principles of democracy:
·
Popular Sovereignty: The people
are the ultimate source of political power.
·
Universal Adult Franchise:
Every citizen aged 18 years and above has the right to vote.
·
Rule of Law: Everyone is equal
before the law, and no one is above it.
·
Fundamental Rights: Citizens
enjoy rights that protect their freedom and dignity.
·
Separation of Powers: The
Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary perform separate functions and check one
another.
·
Accountability and Transparency:
Democratic institutions ensure responsible governance.
·
Protection of Vulnerable Groups:
Special constitutional provisions safeguard weaker sections of society.
Together, these principles ensure justice,
equality, participation, and responsible governance in India.
3. Explain the principle of "Popular Sovereignty" and
discuss how it is exercised in India through elections.
Answer:
Popular Sovereignty means that the ultimate
authority of the State rests with the people. Governments derive their
power from citizens and remain accountable to them.
In India, this principle is exercised
through:
·
Free and fair elections
·
Universal Adult Franchise for
all citizens aged 18 years and above
·
Secret ballot, ensuring freedom
of choice
·
Election of representatives to Parliament and
State Legislatures
Through regular elections, citizens choose
their representatives and influence government policies, making democracy truly
representative.
4. Discuss the "Rule of Law" as a fundamental principle
of democracy, with examples of how it protects citizens' rights.
Answer:
The Rule of Law is a basic principle of
democracy that ensures everyone is equal before the law and no
person is above the law.
Its importance includes:
·
Equal treatment of all citizens.
·
Protection against arbitrary punishment.
·
Fair trials through courts.
·
Due process before any legal action.
·
Prevention of misuse of power.
For example, if a law violates constitutional
provisions, the Judiciary can declare it unconstitutional. Citizens whose
rights are violated can approach the courts for justice. Thus, the Rule of Law
promotes justice, equality, and public confidence in democracy.
5. Describe the six Fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Indian
Constitution and explain their significance.
Answer:
The Constitution guarantees six Fundamental
Rights:
1.
Right to Equality
2.
Right to Freedom
3.
Right Against Exploitation
4.
Right to Freedom of Religion
5.
Cultural and Educational Rights
6.
Right to Constitutional Remedies
Significance:
·
Protect the dignity and freedom of citizens.
·
Ensure equality before the law.
·
Safeguard religious and cultural diversity.
·
Protect citizens from exploitation.
·
Allow individuals to seek justice through courts
when their rights are violated.
These rights strengthen democracy by
protecting individual liberty and ensuring equal opportunities for all.
6. Explain the principle of Separation of Powers and discuss the
role of the Judiciary in maintaining checks and balances.
Answer:
The principle of Separation of Powers divides
government authority among three organs:
·
Legislature: Makes laws.
·
Executive: Implements laws.
·
Judiciary: Interprets laws.
This division prevents concentration of power
and maintains checks and balances.
The Judiciary:
·
Protects the Constitution.
·
Reviews laws and constitutional amendments.
·
Declares unconstitutional laws invalid.
·
Protects Fundamental Rights.
·
Provides justice through Public Interest
Litigation (PIL).
An independent judiciary ensures that
democratic institutions function fairly and responsibly.
7. Discuss the mechanisms of accountability and transparency that
exist in Indian democracy.
Answer:
Accountability and transparency ensure that
the government remains responsible to citizens.
Important mechanisms include:
·
Regular elections, allowing
people to evaluate governments.
·
Public debates and citizen
participation.
·
Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005,
enabling citizens to obtain information from public authorities.
·
Institutions such as the Comptroller and
Auditor General (CAG), Central Information Commission (CIC),
Lokpal, and Central Vigilance Commission (CVC).
These institutions increase public trust,
reduce corruption, and strengthen democratic governance.
8. Explain the significance of a multi-party system in India,
referring to the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
Answer:
India follows a multi-party system,
where several political parties contest elections.
Its significance includes:
·
Representation of diverse social, regional, and
ideological interests.
·
Greater choice for voters.
·
Healthy political competition.
·
Stronger accountability of governments.
·
Peaceful transfer of power.
Political parties function according to the Representation
of the People Act, 1951, which regulates elections and political
activities. A party or coalition with a majority forms the government, while
others serve as the opposition.
9. Discuss how the Indian Constitution safeguards the rights of
vulnerable groups, with reference to Article 46.
Answer:
The Constitution protects vulnerable sections
of society through special provisions.
Article 46 directs the State
to:
·
Promote the educational interests of weaker
sections.
·
Improve their economic conditions.
·
Give special attention to Scheduled Castes (SCs)
and Scheduled Tribes (STs).
·
Protect them from social injustice and
exploitation.
These measures promote social justice, reduce
inequality, and ensure equal opportunities for disadvantaged communities,
making Indian democracy more inclusive.
10. Explain the various types of democracy based on citizen
participation, with suitable examples.
Answer:
Democracy can be classified into two main
types based on citizen participation.
1. Direct Democracy
·
Citizens directly participate in
decision-making.
·
Suitable for small countries.
·
Example: Switzerland.
2. Representative (Indirect) Democracy
·
Citizens elect representatives who make
decisions on their behalf.
·
Suitable for large countries.
·
Example: India.
Representative democracy can further be
classified into:
·
Parliamentary Democracy:
Executive is responsible to the Legislature. (Example: India, Canada)
·
Presidential Democracy:
Executive is independent of the Legislature. (Example: United States of
America)
Different countries adopt different
democratic systems according to their needs, but all are based on
participation, accountability, and the rule of law.
11. Compare Parliamentary and Presidential systems of democracy
with examples from India, the UK, and the USA.
Answer:
The Parliamentary and Presidential systems
differ mainly in the relationship between the Executive and the Legislature.
|
Parliamentary
Democracy |
Presidential
Democracy |
|
Executive
is part of the Legislature. |
Executive
is independent of the Legislature. |
|
Prime
Minister is the Head of Government. |
President
is both the Head of State and Government. |
|
Executive
is accountable to the Legislature. |
President
is directly accountable to the people. |
|
Examples:
India
and United Kingdom |
Example:
United
States of America |
In India and the UK, the Prime Minister and
Council of Ministers remain responsible to Parliament. In the USA, the
President functions independently of Congress. Both systems aim to ensure
democratic governance but differ in the distribution of powers.
12. With reference to the comparative table in the chapter,
describe how democracy functions differently in India, Canada, the UK, Switzerland,
and the USA.
Answer:
Different countries follow different
democratic systems based on their history and constitutional structure.
·
India: Representative
parliamentary democracy with a written Constitution, federalism, Fundamental
Rights and Duties, and a multi-party system.
·
Canada: Parliamentary democracy
with federalism and a multi-party system.
·
United Kingdom: Parliamentary
democracy under a constitutional monarchy with parliamentary sovereignty and an
unwritten Constitution.
·
Switzerland: Direct democracy
where citizens participate directly in many important decisions.
·
United States of America:
Representative presidential democracy with a written Constitution, federalism,
and two major political parties.
Although these countries follow different
models, all uphold democratic values such as participation, accountability, and
the rule of law.
13. Explain the concept of Federalism in India and how power is
distributed between the Centre and the States.
Answer:
Federalism is a system of government in which
powers are shared between the Central Government and the State Governments.
In India:
·
The Constitution distributes powers through the Union
List, State List, and Concurrent List.
·
The Union Government deals with
matters of national importance.
·
State Governments manage
subjects of local and regional importance.
·
Some subjects are shared under the Concurrent
List.
·
Residual powers remain with the Central
Government.
Federalism promotes national unity while
respecting regional diversity and ensuring effective administration.
14. Discuss the facts and figures that illustrate the scale and
diversity of India's "living democracy."
Answer:
India is known as the world's largest
democracy because of the enormous scale of public participation.
Important facts include:
·
More than 96.8 crore registered voters
(2024).
·
Elections conducted in 22 scheduled
languages along with several other languages.
·
More than one million polling stations,
including those in remote mountains, forests, deserts, and islands.
·
Over 2,800 registered political parties
representing diverse interests.
·
On average, one Member of Parliament represents
about 25 lakh people.
These facts demonstrate the vast scale,
inclusiveness, and diversity of Indian democracy.
15. Describe the three-tier system of government in India and
explain how it promotes democratic participation.
Answer:
India follows a three-tier system of
government consisting of:
1.
Union Government
2.
State Governments
3.
Local Governments (Panchayats and
Municipalities)
This system:
·
Brings government closer to the people.
·
Encourages local participation in
decision-making.
·
Improves administrative efficiency.
·
Enables citizens to participate directly in
local governance.
·
Strengthens democracy at the grassroots level.
The Constitution also provides special
arrangements for tribal areas through Autonomous District Councils and the PESA
Act.
16. Discuss the role of Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) and the
PESA Act in protecting tribal heritage and democratic participation.
Answer:
The Constitution provides special protection
for tribal communities.
·
Autonomous District Councils (ADCs)
in certain North-Eastern states have legislative and judicial powers to
preserve tribal customs and traditions.
·
The PESA Act, 1996 applies to
Scheduled Areas in other states and empowers the Gram Sabha as
the primary decision-making body.
These provisions:
·
Protect tribal culture and heritage.
·
Encourage self-governance.
·
Promote democratic participation.
·
Ensure development according to local needs.
Together, they strengthen grassroots
democracy while respecting tribal identity.
17. With the help of case studies from the chapter, explain how
democracy functions at the grassroots level in India.
Answer:
The chapter presents examples of Jethipura
Gram Panchayat (Gujarat) and South Manubankul Gram Panchayat
(Tripura).
These Panchayats:
·
Conduct regular Gram Sabha meetings.
·
Encourage people's participation.
·
Promote women's involvement.
·
Implement welfare programmes.
·
Improve sanitation, education, and livelihoods.
·
Ensure participation of Scheduled Castes,
Scheduled Tribes, and women.
These examples show that democracy is not
limited to elections but also includes active participation in local
self-government, making governance more responsive and inclusive.
18. Discuss the case study of the Jethipura Gram Panchayat and
explain how it exemplifies democratic participation.
Answer:
The Jethipura Gram Panchayat
in Gujarat received the Nanaji Deshmukh Rashtriya Gaurav Gram Sabha
Puraskar (2019) for its outstanding performance.
Its achievements include:
·
Effective Gram Sabha meetings.
·
Organisation of Special Gram Sabhas.
·
Proper maintenance of records.
·
Welfare programmes for education, sanitation,
women, and children.
·
Active participation of Scheduled Castes,
Scheduled Tribes, and women through Mahila Sabhas.
The Panchayat demonstrates that public
participation and inclusive governance strengthen grassroots democracy.
19. Discuss the case study of the South Manubankul Gram Panchayat
and its significance for women's empowerment.
Answer:
The South Manubankul Gram Panchayat
in Tripura focuses on improving the lives of villagers, especially women.
Its major initiatives include:
·
Encouraging women to participate in
decision-making.
·
Supporting self-help groups.
·
Improving health, sanitation, and livelihoods.
·
Implementing government welfare schemes.
·
Promoting education, cleanliness, and social
awareness.
Because of its inclusive approach, it has
been recognised nationally as a "Women-Friendly Panchayat"
by the Ministry of Panchayati Raj. It demonstrates how local democracy promotes
women's empowerment and community development.
20. Trace the historical struggle for women's voting rights in
Britain and the USA, and contrast it with the Indian experience.
Answer:
Women in many countries had to struggle for
the right to vote.
·
In Britain, women received full
voting rights only in 1928 after years of campaigns and
protests.
·
In the United States, women
obtained voting rights in 1920 after a long movement.
In contrast, Indian women did not have to
fight separately for voting rights. When the Constitution came into force in 1950,
Universal Adult Franchise granted equal voting rights to all
adult citizens, irrespective of gender. However, the chapter also notes that
equal voting rights do not automatically ensure equal political participation,
as social prejudices still affect women's representation.
21. Explain the constitutional provisions (Articles 243(d) and
243(t)) for women's reservation in Panchayats and Municipalities.
Answer:
The Constitution promotes women's
participation in local self-government through special reservation provisions.
·
Article 243(d) provides not
less than one-third reservation for women in all Panchayats.
·
Article 243(t) provides not
less than one-third reservation for women in Municipalities.
·
Many States and Union Territories have increased
this reservation to 50%.
·
These provisions encourage women to participate
in decision-making, strengthen grassroots democracy, and promote gender
equality.
Women's reservation has increased their representation
in local governance and contributed to inclusive development.
22. Discuss the role of the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005,
as an example of democratic legislation strengthening citizens' rights.
Answer:
The Right to Information (RTI) Act,
2005 is an important democratic law that promotes transparency and
accountability.
Its significance includes:
·
Allowing citizens to obtain information from
government departments.
·
Making government functioning more transparent.
·
Reducing corruption by increasing public
scrutiny.
·
Strengthening accountability of public
authorities.
·
Enabling citizens to participate more
effectively in democracy.
The Act was passed after discussions in
Parliament and consultations with citizens, civil society groups, and experts,
showing how democratic legislation is made.
23. Explain how civil society organisations and community
institutions strengthen democracy in India.
Answer:
Democracy extends beyond government
institutions to civil society organisations and community groups.
These organisations:
·
Encourage people's participation in public
affairs.
·
Raise awareness about social issues.
·
Promote democratic decision-making.
·
Help citizens voice their concerns through
campaigns and Public Interest Litigation (PIL).
·
Act as a bridge between citizens and the
government.
Cooperatives, socio-religious organisations,
trade unions, and community institutions strengthen democracy by making
governance more responsive and inclusive.
24. Discuss the major challenges faced by Indian democracy today,
such as illiteracy, misinformation, and inequality.
Answer:
Although Indian democracy has made
significant progress, it still faces several challenges:
·
Illiteracy, which limits
awareness and informed participation.
·
Misinformation and fake news, especially
on social media, which can mislead citizens and influence public opinion.
·
Poverty and inequality,
reducing equal opportunities.
·
Regionalism and social discrimination,
creating barriers to participation.
·
Weak implementation of some laws and policies,
reducing public trust.
These challenges can weaken democracy if
citizens and institutions do not act responsibly.
25. Explain the causes, events, and consequences of the Emergency
imposed in India from 1975 to 1977.
Answer:
The Emergency (1975–77) was one of the
biggest challenges to Indian democracy.
Causes:
·
Rising unemployment and inflation.
·
Public dissatisfaction with the government.
·
Allegations of misgovernance.
·
Widespread protests.
Events:
·
National Emergency declared in June 1975.
·
Fundamental Rights were suspended.
·
Press censorship was imposed.
·
Many political leaders and activists were
arrested.
Consequences:
·
Democratic institutions came under severe
strain.
·
Civil liberties were restricted.
·
Elections in 1977 restored democracy and showed
the resilience of democratic institutions.
26. Discuss the role of Jayaprakash Narayan and the mass movements
during the Emergency period.
Answer:
Jayaprakash Narayan,
popularly known as Lok Nayak, was a prominent political leader
and socialist thinker.
During the Emergency:
·
He led mass movements against the government.
·
He mobilised students and citizens, especially
in Bihar and Gujarat.
·
His movement demanded the restoration of
democratic rights and accountable governance.
·
His leadership inspired people to defend
democracy and civil liberties.
The peaceful public movement highlighted the
importance of active citizen participation in protecting democratic values.
27. "Voting alone is not enough to make a country
democratic." Discuss this statement with examples from the chapter.
Answer:
Voting is an important feature of democracy,
but democracy involves much more than elections.
A strong democracy requires:
·
Respect for the Constitution.
·
Rule of Law.
·
Protection of Fundamental Rights.
·
Accountability and transparency.
·
Active participation in Gram Sabhas, community
organisations, and public discussions.
·
Responsible citizenship and respect for
democratic values.
The chapter explains that democracy is
reflected in everyday civic behaviour, community participation, and informed
decision-making, not merely in voting during elections.
28. Discuss the role of social media in a democracy, highlighting
both its positive and negative effects.
Answer:
Social media has both positive and negative
effects on democracy.
Positive effects:
·
Spreads information quickly.
·
Encourages public discussion.
·
Increases awareness about government policies
and public issues.
·
Enables citizens to express their opinions.
Negative effects:
·
Spreads fake news and misinformation.
·
Creates confusion and conflict.
·
Influences public opinion unfairly.
·
Weakens democratic values if used irresponsibly.
The chapter stresses the importance of media
literacy and using authentic sources of information.
29. Explain the role of NSS and NCC in promoting civic responsibility
among young citizens.
Answer:
The National Service Scheme (NSS)
and the National Cadet Corps (NCC) help young people become
responsible citizens.
They:
·
Promote community service.
·
Develop leadership qualities.
·
Encourage teamwork and discipline.
·
Create awareness about democratic values.
·
Inspire participation in nation-building
activities.
·
Foster respect for the Constitution and civic
responsibilities.
Through these programmes, students learn that
active participation and service strengthen democracy.
30. "The strength of a democracy depends not only on its
institutions and laws but also on informed and responsible citizens."
Discuss this statement with reference to the chapter.
Answer:
Democracy is sustained not only by
constitutional institutions but also by responsible citizens.
Citizens strengthen democracy by:
·
Respecting the Constitution and the Rule of Law.
·
Staying informed through authentic sources.
·
Participating in elections and community
activities.
·
Using social media responsibly.
·
Respecting the rights of others.
·
Following Fundamental Duties and civic
responsibilities.
·
Participating in programmes such as NSS and NCC.
The chapter concludes that institutions alone
cannot make democracy successful. A democracy remains vibrant when citizens
actively participate, make informed decisions, and uphold democratic values in
everyday life.
SECTION D —
ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS
Instructions:
Each question consists of two statements — Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Choose
the correct option:
(a)
Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b)
Both A and R are true, but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
(c)
A is true, but R is false.
(d)
A is false, but R is true.
1.
Assertion
(A): India is called the world's largest democracy.
Reason
(R): India has the highest number of registered voters among all democracies,
with over 96.8 crore voters in 2024.
Answer:
(a)
2.
Assertion
(A): The Constitution of India was adopted and enforced on the same day.
Reason
(R): The Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26
January 1950.
Answer:
(d)
3.
Assertion
(A): Democratic ideas in India emerged suddenly after independence.
Reason
(R): Vedic institutions like Sabha, Samiti, and Vidhata practised collective
decision-making since ancient times.
Answer:
(d)
4.
Assertion
(A): The Bauddha Sangha reflected democratic traditions in ancient India.
Reason
(R): Members of the Sangha could choose their leader and make decisions through
voting.
Answer:
(a)
5.
Assertion
(A): The Indian Constitution is a rigid legal code that cannot be amended.
Reason
(R): Article 368 provides for amendments to the Constitution.
Answer:
(d)
6.
Assertion
(A): Popular Sovereignty means that the state derives its authority from the
people.
Reason
(R): Universal Adult Franchise allows every citizen aged 18 and above to vote
through secret ballot.
Answer:
(a)
7.
Assertion
(A): Rule of Law allows powerful individuals to be treated above ordinary
citizens.
Reason
(R): Rule of Law ensures equality before the law and equal protection of the
law.
Answer:
(d)
8.
Assertion
(A): The Indian Constitution guarantees six Fundamental Rights to its citizens.
Reason
(R): These rights are enforceable in courts of law and citizens can seek
remedies under Articles 32 and 226.
Answer:
(a)
9.
Assertion
(A): Article 21A was added to the Constitution to provide free and compulsory
education to children aged 6–14 years.
Reason
(R): Article 21A was added in the year 2009.
Answer:
(a)
10.
Assertion
(A): Separation of powers prevents concentration of power in any one organ of
government.
Reason
(R): The legislature, executive, and judiciary each perform distinct functions
and check one another.
Answer:
(a)
11.
Assertion
(A): The Right to Information Act empowers citizens to seek information from
government departments.
Reason
(R): The RTI Act was enacted in 2005 to strengthen accountability and
transparency.
Answer:
(a)
12.
Assertion
(A): In a multi-party system, only one political party is allowed to contest
elections.
Reason
(R): India has over 2,800 registered political parties reflecting its
diversity.
Answer:
(d)
13.
Assertion
(A): Media is called the "fourth pillar of democracy."
Reason
(R): Media keeps people informed and raises public issues, contributing to
their resolution.
Answer:
(a)
14.
Assertion
(A): Switzerland is an example of Direct Democracy.
Reason
(R): In Switzerland, citizens directly participate in most decision-making
processes.
Answer:
(a)
15.
Assertion
(A): In a Presidential Democracy, the executive is part of the legislature.
Reason
(R): In the USA, the President is elected by and accountable to the people,
independent of the legislature.
Answer:
(d)
16.
Assertion
(A): India and Canada follow a Parliamentary form of democracy.
Reason
(R): In both countries, members of the executive are also part of the
legislature and are accountable to it.
Answer:
(a)
17.
Assertion
(A): The United Kingdom has a written constitution.
Reason
(R): The UK follows an unwritten constitution based on conventions and
parliamentary sovereignty.
Answer:
(d)
18.
Assertion
(A): Women in India had to wage a long struggle to secure voting rights,
similar to Britain and the USA.
Reason
(R): Universal Adult Franchise was granted to Indian men and women equally when
the Constitution came into force in 1950.
Answer:
(d)
19.
Assertion
(A): The National Emergency (1975–77) demonstrated the vulnerability of Indian
democracy.
Reason
(R): During the Emergency, Fundamental Rights were suspended and the press was
censored.
Answer:
(a)
20.
Assertion
(A): Democracy in India is limited only to the act of voting in elections.
Reason
(R): Grassroots institutions like Gram Panchayats and civil society
organisations also enable democratic participation beyond elections.
Answer:
(d)
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