OUTCOMES OF DEMOCRACY

5: OUTCOMES OF DEMOCRACY

 

A. 60 MCQs

(CBSE Board Exam Pattern)

1. Democracy promotes ________ among citizens.

A. Inequality
B. Equality
C. Monarchy
D. Dictatorship

Answer: B. Equality

2. Democracy enhances the ________ of the individual.

A. Wealth
B. Dignity
C. Power
D. Status

Answer: B. Dignity

3. Democracy improves the quality of ________.

A. Wars
B. Decision-making
C. Tax collection
D. Military rule

Answer: B. Decision-making

4. Democracy provides a method to ________ conflicts.

A. Increase
B. Ignore
C. Resolve
D. Promote

Answer: C. Resolve

5. Democracy allows room to ________ mistakes.

A. Repeat
B. Hide
C. Correct
D. Encourage

Answer: C. Correct

6. Democracy is primarily a form of ________.

A. Religion
B. Economy
C. Government
D. Society

Answer: C. Government

7. In a democracy, rulers are chosen by the ________.

A. Army
B. King
C. People
D. Judges

Answer: C. People

8. The most basic outcome of democracy is an ________ government.

A. Accountable
B. Military
C. Religious
D. Dictatorial

Answer: A. Accountable

9. Democratic governments are expected to be accountable and ________.

A. Secretive
B. Responsive
C. Authoritarian
D. Rigid

Answer: B. Responsive

10. Democracy is based on the idea of deliberation and ________.

A. Suppression
B. Negotiation
C. Force
D. Violence

Answer: B. Negotiation

11. Which of the following is a feature of democracy?

A. One-party rule
B. Free and fair elections
C. Military control
D. Rule by religion

Answer: B. Free and fair elections

12. The right of citizens to know about government functioning is called ________.

A. Transparency
B. Legitimacy
C. Authority
D. Sovereignty

Answer: A. Transparency

13. Transparency in government helps reduce ________.

A. Participation
B. Corruption
C. Elections
D. Rights

Answer: B. Corruption

14. Democratic governments derive their legitimacy from the ________.

A. Military
B. King
C. People
D. Bureaucracy

Answer: C. People

15. Democracy is considered legitimate because governments are ________.

A. Nominated
B. Appointed
C. Elected
D. Hereditary

Answer: C. Elected

16. Which law in India promotes transparency?

A. RTI Act
B. GST Act
C. Factory Act
D. RTE Act

Answer: A. RTI Act

17. Citizens can hold governments accountable mainly through ________.

A. Elections
B. Wars
C. Revolutions
D. Strikes

Answer: A. Elections

18. Democratic governments generally take more time because they involve ________.

A. Discussions
B. Dictators
C. Kings
D. Armies

Answer: A. Discussions

19. Democracy is often preferred because it protects citizens' ________.

A. Privileges
B. Rights
C. Wealth
D. Property

Answer: B. Rights

20. Which outcome of democracy is related to public acceptance of government?

A. Legitimacy
B. Corruption
C. Inequality
D. Dictatorship

Answer: A. Legitimacy

21. Which type of government is people's own government?

A. Monarchy
B. Dictatorship
C. Democracy
D. Military rule

Answer: C. Democracy

22. Economic development depends on several factors such as ________.

A. Population size
B. Global situation
C. Economic priorities
D. All of these

Answer: D. All of these

23. Which form of government had a slightly higher growth rate between 1950–2000?

A. Democracy
B. Dictatorship
C. Monarchy
D. Republic

Answer: B. Dictatorship

24. Democracy does not guarantee ________.

A. Freedom
B. Equality
C. Economic development
D. Legitimacy

Answer: C. Economic development

25. Democracies are expected to reduce economic ________.

A. Growth
B. Disparities
C. Population
D. Exports

Answer: B. Disparities

26. Democracies are based on ________ equality.

A. Social
B. Political
C. Economic
D. Religious

Answer: B. Political

27. In a democracy, all individuals have equal weight in ________ representatives.

A. Nominating
B. Electing
C. Appointing
D. Removing

Answer: B. Electing

28. Economic inequalities often result in difficulty in meeting basic needs like ________.

A. Food
B. Clothing
C. Education
D. All of these

Answer: D. All of these

29. Which section of society often enjoys a disproportionate share of wealth?

A. Farmers
B. Middle class
C. Ultra-rich
D. Workers

Answer: C. Ultra-rich

30. Democracies have not been very successful in reducing ________.

A. Population
B. Poverty and inequality
C. Literacy
D. Urbanization

Answer: B. Poverty and inequality

31. Democracy should produce a ________ social life among citizens.

A. Violent
B. Harmonious
C. Divided
D. Unstable

Answer: B. Harmonious

32. Democracies accommodate various ________ divisions.

A. Economic
B. Social
C. Administrative
D. Geographical

Answer: B. Social

33. Democracy reduces the possibility of tensions becoming ________.

A. Peaceful
B. Explosive or violent
C. Economic
D. Cultural

Answer: B. Explosive or violent

34. No society can fully and permanently resolve ________ among different groups.

A. Cooperation
B. Conflicts
C. Equality
D. Development

Answer: B. Conflicts

35. Non-democratic regimes often ________ social differences.

A. Respect
B. Encourage
C. Suppress
D. Celebrate

Answer: C. Suppress

36. Democracy is best suited to handle social differences through ________.

A. Force
B. Negotiation
C. Violence
D. Military action

Answer: B. Negotiation

37. Majority rule should not become rule by the majority ________.

A. Party
B. Community
C. Government
D. State

Answer: B. Community

38. Democracy remains democracy only as long as every citizen has a chance of being in the ________.

A. Minority
B. Majority
C. Opposition
D. Cabinet

Answer: B. Majority

39. Democracy stands superior in promoting dignity and ________ of the individual.

A. Wealth
B. Freedom
C. Authority
D. Power

Answer: B. Freedom

40. The passion for respect and freedom forms the basis of ________.

A. Monarchy
B. Democracy
C. Dictatorship
D. Colonialism

Answer: B. Democracy

41. Historically, most societies across the world were ________ dominated.

A. Female
B. Male
C. Child
D. Tribal

Answer: B. Male

42. Democracy recognizes the equal treatment and respect of ________.

A. Women
B. Children
C. Rich people
D. Leaders

Answer: A. Women

43. Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the ________ castes.

A. Upper
B. Disadvantaged and discriminated
C. Wealthy
D. Foreign

Answer: B. Disadvantaged and discriminated

44. Which of the following is still found in India despite democracy?

A. Political equality
B. Caste-based inequalities
C. Dictatorship
D. Monarchy

Answer: B. Caste-based inequalities

45. Democratic rights are valued because they recognize the ________ of citizens.

A. Wealth
B. Equality and dignity
C. Status
D. Occupation

Answer: B. Equality and dignity

46. People often come up with more expectations from democracy because democracy is a/an ________ process.

A. Static
B. Evolving
C. Temporary
D. Military

Answer: B. Evolving

47. Public expression of dissatisfaction with democracy shows the ________ of democracy.

A. Failure
B. Weakness
C. Success
D. Collapse

Answer: C. Success

48. Democracy transforms people from the status of a subject into that of a ________.

A. Worker
B. Citizen
C. Ruler
D. Official

Answer: B. Citizen

49. Most individuals believe that their ________ makes a difference in democracy.

A. Wealth
B. Religion
C. Vote
D. Caste

Answer: C. Vote

50. Which of the following is a definite plus point of democratic regimes?

A. Military rule
B. Handling social differences
C. Hereditary rule
D. One-party system

Answer: B. Handling social differences

51. Democracy allows room to ________ mistakes.

A. Hide
B. Correct
C. Increase
D. Repeat

Answer: B. Correct

52. Which right enables citizens to obtain information from the government?

A. Right to Equality
B. Right to Information
C. Right to Freedom
D. Right to Property

Answer: B. Right to Information

53. Democratic governments develop mechanisms for citizens to take part in ________.

A. Warfare
B. Decision-making
C. Tax collection
D. Judiciary

Answer: B. Decision-making

54. The routine tales of corruption indicate that democracy is not free from this ________.

A. Virtue
B. Evil
C. Policy
D. Principle

Answer: B. Evil

55. Democracy is preferred over dictatorship mainly because it provides ________.

A. Absolute power
B. People's participation
C. Military strength
D. Religious authority

Answer: B. People's participation

56. Which of the following is NOT an expected outcome of democracy?

A. Accountability
B. Dignity
C. Transparency
D. Permanent elimination of poverty

Answer: D. Permanent elimination of poverty

57. Democratic governments are expected to be attentive to the needs and ________ of the people.

A. Demands
B. Wealth
C. Religion
D. Language

Answer: A. Demands

58. Democracy helps in peaceful resolution of ________.

A. Elections
B. Conflicts
C. Trade
D. Migration

Answer: B. Conflicts

59. The principle of one person, one vote reflects ________ equality.

A. Economic
B. Social
C. Political
D. Religious

Answer: C. Political

60. Which statement best describes democracy?

A. Rule by hereditary kings
B. Rule by military leaders
C. Government elected by the people and accountable to them
D. Government based on religious authority

Answer: C. Government elected by the people and accountable to them

B. 30 Short Answer Questions   

1. Why is democracy considered a better form of government?

Answer:

·        It promotes equality among citizens.

·        It enhances the dignity of individuals.

·        It improves the quality of decision-making.

·        It allows correction of mistakes.

2. What are the basic outcomes expected from democracy?

Answer:

·        Accountable government.

·        Responsive government.

·        Legitimate government.

·        Protection of freedom and dignity.

3. Why is democratic government accountable?

Answer:

·        Leaders are elected by the people.

·        Citizens can question the government.

·        Governments can be changed through elections.

·        Decision-making follows rules and procedures.

4. What is meant by transparency in democracy?

Answer:

·        Citizens have the right to know government decisions.

·        Government procedures are open to public scrutiny.

·        Information is shared with citizens.

·        It reduces corruption and misuse of power.

5. Why is democracy considered legitimate?

Answer:

·        Governments are elected by the people.

·        Citizens accept democratic rule.

·        Leaders derive power from public consent.

·        It reflects the will of the people.

6. Why does decision-making take more time in democracy?

Answer:

·        Democracy involves discussion and debate.

·        Decisions require consultation with many people.

·        Rules and procedures must be followed.

·        Public opinion is considered.

7. Mention any four features of a democratic government.

Answer:

·        Free and fair elections.

·        Accountability.

·        Transparency.

·        Citizen participation.

8. What mechanisms make governments accountable in democracy?

Answer:

·        Elections.

·        Right to Information (RTI).

·        Independent judiciary.

·        Free media.

9. Why is democracy not always efficient?

Answer:

·        Decision-making is slow.

·        Discussions take time.

·        Procedures must be followed.

·        Consensus building is necessary.

10. Why is the delay in democratic decision-making justified?

Answer:

·        Decisions are more acceptable.

·        Policies become effective.

·        Public participation increases.

·        Mistakes can be corrected.

11. Why is economic development not guaranteed in democracy?

Answer:

·        Development depends on many factors.

·        Resources vary among countries.

·        Economic policies differ.

·        Global situations affect growth.

12. Mention factors affecting economic development.

Answer:

·        Population size.

·        Natural resources.

·        Economic priorities.

·        International cooperation.

13. Why is democracy preferred despite slower economic growth?

Answer:

·        It protects freedom.

·        It ensures equality.

·        It promotes dignity.

·        It provides accountable government.

14. Why are democracies not very successful in reducing inequality?

Answer:

·        Wealth remains concentrated among a few.

·        Poor people lack resources.

·        Governments may ignore poverty.

·        Economic opportunities are unequal.

15. What are the effects of economic inequality?

Answer:

·        Poverty increases.

·        Basic needs remain unmet.

·        Social tensions arise.

·        Unequal opportunities develop.

16. How does democracy accommodate social diversity?

Answer:

·        It encourages dialogue.

·        It respects differences.

·        It resolves conflicts peacefully.

·        It protects minority rights.

17. What are the two conditions for accommodating social diversity?

Answer:

·        Majority must work with minorities.

·        Majority rule should not become majority community rule.

·        Equal opportunities should exist.

·        All groups must be represented.

18. Why can no society permanently resolve conflicts?

Answer:

·        Societies have diverse interests.

·        Opinions differ among groups.

·        New issues keep emerging.

·        Resources are limited.

19. How does democracy help in resolving conflicts?

Answer:

·        Through discussions.

·        Through negotiations.

·        Through elections.

·        Through constitutional methods.

20. Why is democracy superior in promoting dignity?

Answer:

·        It recognizes equal rights.

·        It respects individuals.

·        It protects freedoms.

·        It opposes discrimination.

21. How has democracy improved the status of women?

Answer:

·        It grants equal rights.

·        It promotes participation.

·        It provides legal protection.

·        It encourages gender equality.

22. How has democracy strengthened disadvantaged castes in India?

Answer:

·        It ensures equal opportunities.

·        It protects constitutional rights.

·        It discourages discrimination.

·        It promotes social justice.

23. Why do people value democratic rights?

Answer:

·        Rights ensure equality.

·        They protect freedoms.

·        They empower citizens.

·        They increase participation.

24. Why are complaints against democracy considered a sign of success?

Answer:

·        Citizens are aware of their rights.

·        People can criticize rulers.

·        Governments are answerable.

·        Democracy encourages participation.

25. How does democracy transform subjects into citizens?

Answer:

·        It gives voting rights.

·        It ensures participation.

·        It protects freedoms.

·        It creates awareness of rights.

26. Why is political equality important in democracy?

Answer:

·        Every citizen has one vote.

·        Equal political rights exist.

·        People participate equally.

·        Governments represent all.

27. What is meant by responsive government?

Answer:

·        It listens to citizens.

·        It addresses public demands.

·        It provides services effectively.

·        It works for people's welfare.

28. How does the Right to Information strengthen democracy?

Answer:

·        It increases transparency.

·        It makes officials accountable.

·        It reduces corruption.

·        It empowers citizens.

29. Why is majority rule not the same as majority community rule?

Answer:

·        Majorities can change over time.

·        Decisions should include all groups.

·        Minorities' rights must be protected.

·        Democracy promotes inclusiveness.

30. Mention any four positive outcomes of democracy.

Answer:

·        Accountable government.

·        Protection of dignity.

·        Accommodation of diversity.

·        Freedom of citizens.

C. 30 Long Answer Questions

(Board Exam Oriented | 5 Marks | 5–6 Points Each)

1. Explain any five arguments in favour of democracy.

Answer:

·        Democracy promotes equality among citizens.

·        It enhances the dignity of individuals.

·        It improves the quality of decision-making.

·        It provides methods to resolve conflicts peacefully.

·        It allows room to correct mistakes.

·        Citizens can participate in governance.

2. How does democracy produce an accountable government?

Answer:

·        Leaders are elected by the people.

·        Citizens can question government decisions.

·        Governments are answerable to the public.

·        Elections enable citizens to replace rulers.

·        The media keeps the government under scrutiny.

·        Institutions like the judiciary ensure accountability.

3. Explain how democracy produces a responsive government.

Answer:

·        Governments depend on public support.

·        Citizens express their demands through elections.

·        Policies are framed according to people's needs.

·        Public debates influence decisions.

·        Governments provide welfare schemes.

·        Citizens participate in governance.

4. Why is democratic government considered legitimate?

Answer:

·        It is elected by the people.

·        Citizens accept democratic rule.

·        Governments derive authority from public consent.

·        It reflects the will of the people.

·        Citizens participate in decision-making.

·        Democratic values enjoy widespread support.

5. Explain the role of transparency in democracy.

Answer:

·        Citizens can access government information.

·        It ensures openness in administration.

·        It reduces corruption.

·        Officials become answerable for their actions.

·        It increases public trust in government.

·        It strengthens democracy.

6. Why is democracy considered better than dictatorship?

Answer:

·        Democracy protects freedoms and rights.

·        It promotes equality.

·        Citizens elect their rulers.

·        Governments are accountable.

·        It accommodates social diversity.

·        It respects individual dignity.

7. Explain why democracy is not always efficient.

Answer:

·        Decision-making involves lengthy discussions.

·        Procedures must be followed.

·        Consensus building takes time.

·        Public opinion must be considered.

·        Different groups have varying interests.

·        Policy implementation may be delayed.

8. Why is the delay in democratic decision-making acceptable?

Answer:

·        Decisions become more acceptable to people.

·        Public participation increases legitimacy.

·        Mistakes can be corrected.

·        Policies are carefully examined.

·        Conflicts are reduced.

·        Decisions become more effective.

9. Explain the economic outcomes of democracy.

Answer:

·        Democracy does not guarantee economic growth.

·        Economic development depends on many factors.

·        Democracies often face inequality.

·        Poverty may continue despite growth.

·        Citizens enjoy economic freedoms.

·        Democracies generally do not lag far behind dictatorships.

10. Why does democracy not guarantee economic development?

Answer:

·        Development depends on resources.

·        Population size affects growth.

·        Government policies vary.

·        Global conditions influence economies.

·        International cooperation matters.

·        Natural resources differ across countries.

11. Explain why democracies have not been very successful in reducing inequality.

Answer:

·        Wealth remains concentrated among a few.

·        The rich influence policies.

·        Economic opportunities are unequal.

·        Poverty persists in many countries.

·        Resources are unevenly distributed.

·        Social inequalities continue.

12. Discuss the relationship between democracy and poverty.

Answer:

·        Poor people form a large voter base.

·        Governments introduce welfare schemes.

·        Poverty still exists in many democracies.

·        Economic growth benefits are uneven.

·        The poor often lack opportunities.

·        Democracies strive to reduce poverty.

13. Explain how democracy accommodates social diversity.

Answer:

·        It respects cultural differences.

·        It protects minority rights.

·        It promotes dialogue and negotiation.

·        It resolves conflicts peacefully.

·        It ensures representation of all groups.

·        It encourages tolerance.

14. What conditions are necessary for democracy to accommodate social diversity?

Answer:

·        Majority should respect minorities.

·        Majority rule should not become majority community rule.

·        Equal opportunities must exist.

·        Citizens should tolerate differences.

·        Governments should represent all groups.

·        Conflicts should be resolved peacefully.

15. Explain the significance of majority rule in democracy.

Answer:

·        Decisions are taken according to majority support.

·        Majorities can change over time.

·        Minority rights are protected.

·        Governments represent all citizens.

·        Majority rule is based on political equality.

·        It ensures public participation.

16. How does democracy promote dignity and freedom?

Answer:

·        It guarantees fundamental rights.

·        Citizens enjoy freedom of expression.

·        It ensures equality before law.

·        It protects human rights.

·        Individuals receive equal respect.

·        People participate in governance.

17. Explain how democracy has improved the status of women.

Answer:

·        Women enjoy equal political rights.

·        Laws protect women's interests.

·        Women participate in governance.

·        Gender discrimination is discouraged.

·        Equal opportunities are promoted.

·        Women's dignity is recognized.

18. How has democracy strengthened disadvantaged castes in India?

Answer:

·        Equal rights are guaranteed.

·        Reservation policies promote representation.

·        Social discrimination is challenged.

·        Constitutional protections exist.

·        Awareness about rights has increased.

·        Opportunities for advancement are provided.

19. Why is democracy considered the people's own government?

Answer:

·        People elect their representatives.

·        Governments derive power from citizens.

·        Citizens participate in decision-making.

·        Governments are accountable to people.

·        Policies reflect public interests.

·        Leaders can be replaced through elections.

20. Explain the role of elections in democracy.

Answer:

·        Elections allow citizens to choose rulers.

·        Governments become accountable.

·        Citizens can remove ineffective leaders.

·        Political participation increases.

·        Legitimacy of government is ensured.

·        Democratic values are strengthened.

21. Discuss the importance of citizen participation in democracy.

Answer:

·        Citizens influence decisions.

·        Participation strengthens accountability.

·        Public opinion shapes policies.

·        Rights and duties are exercised.

·        Governments become responsive.

·        Democracy becomes stronger.

22. Explain how democracy resolves conflicts.

Answer:

·        Through discussions and debates.

·        Through negotiations.

·        Through elections.

·        By respecting differences.

·        By protecting minority rights.

·        Through constitutional methods.

23. Why is democracy preferred all over the world?

Answer:

·        It promotes freedom.

·        It ensures equality.

·        It provides legitimacy.

·        It protects dignity.

·        It allows public participation.

·        Governments remain accountable.

24. Explain the role of the Right to Information (RTI) in democracy.

Answer:

·        It increases transparency.

·        Citizens access government records.

·        Corruption is reduced.

·        Officials become accountable.

·        Public trust increases.

·        Democracy becomes stronger.

25. Explain the importance of free and fair elections in democracy.

Answer:

·        Citizens choose rulers freely.

·        Government gains legitimacy.

·        Political equality is ensured.

·        Leaders become accountable.

·        Power changes peacefully.

·        Democratic values are upheld.

26. Why is democracy considered superior in promoting equality?

Answer:

·        Every citizen has one vote.

·        Equal political rights exist.

·        Discrimination is discouraged.

·        Laws apply equally to all.

·        Opportunities are expanded.

·        Human dignity is protected.

27. Explain the significance of political equality in democracy.

Answer:

·        Every vote has equal value.

·        Citizens enjoy equal rights.

·        Governments represent everyone.

·        Equal participation is ensured.

·        Discrimination is reduced.

·        Democracy becomes inclusive.

28. How does democracy transform people from subjects into citizens?

Answer:

·        It grants voting rights.

·        Citizens can question rulers.

·        People participate in governance.

·        Rights are protected.

·        Awareness increases.

·        Individuals become active participants.

29. Explain why people keep demanding more from democracy.

Answer:

·        Democracy raises expectations.

·        Citizens become aware of rights.

·        People seek better governance.

·        Social and economic needs change.

·        Accountability increases demands.

·        Democracy is an evolving system.

30. Explain the major outcomes of democracy.

Answer:

·        Democracy produces accountable governments.

·        It ensures legitimacy of rulers.

·        It promotes dignity and freedom.

·        It accommodates social diversity.

·        It provides political equality.

·        It allows peaceful resolution of conflicts.

D. 20 Assertion & Reason Questions

(CBSE Board Exam Pattern)

Directions: Choose the correct option:
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false.
D. A is false but R is true.

Answer: A

1.

Assertion (A): Democracy promotes equality among citizens.
Reason (R): In a democracy, every citizen has equal political rights.

2.

Assertion (A): Democratic governments are accountable to the people.
Reason (R): Citizens can change governments through elections.

Answer: A

3.

Assertion (A): Democracy is based on deliberation and negotiation.
Reason (R): Democratic decisions involve discussions and debates.

Answer: A

4.

Assertion (A): Democratic governments always eliminate corruption.
Reason (R): Democracy ensures transparency in governance.

Answer: D

5.

Assertion (A): Democracies are often slower in decision-making.
Reason (R): Democratic decisions require consultation and procedures.

Answer: A

6.

Assertion (A): Democracy guarantees economic development.
Reason (R): Economic development depends on several factors.

Answer: D

7.

Assertion (A): Democracies have been fully successful in reducing poverty.
Reason (R): Economic inequalities continue to exist in democracies.

Answer: D

8.

Assertion (A): Transparency strengthens democracy.
Reason (R): Citizens have the right to know government actions.

Answer: A

9.

Assertion (A): Democratic government is considered legitimate.
Reason (R): It is elected by the people.

Answer: A

10.

Assertion (A): Democracy accommodates social diversity.
Reason (R): It provides peaceful methods to resolve conflicts.

Answer: A

11.

Assertion (A): Majority rule means rule by the majority community.
Reason (R): Majority rule should include minority interests.

Answer: D

12.

Assertion (A): Democracy promotes dignity of individuals.
Reason (R): It recognizes equality and freedom of all citizens.

Answer: A

13.

Assertion (A): Women enjoy equal rights in democratic societies.
Reason (R): Democracy recognizes the dignity of women.

Answer: A

14.

Assertion (A): Citizens in democracies can criticize the government.
Reason (R): Freedom of expression is guaranteed in democracy.

Answer: A

15.

Assertion (A): Democracies eliminate all social conflicts.
Reason (R): Different groups in society may have different interests.

Answer: D

16.

Assertion (A): Right to Information increases accountability.
Reason (R): Citizens can access information about government functioning.

Answer: A

17.

Assertion (A): Political equality exists in democracy.
Reason (R): Every citizen has one vote of equal value.

Answer: A

18.

Assertion (A): Economic inequalities do not exist in democratic countries.
Reason (R): Wealth is often concentrated in the hands of a few.

Answer: D

19.

Assertion (A): Public dissatisfaction with democracy indicates its failure.
Reason (R): Citizens in democracy are aware of their rights.

Answer: D

20.

Assertion (A): Democracy transforms subjects into citizens.
Reason (R): Citizens actively participate in governance and decision-making.

Answer: A

 

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