6. MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRIES
SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Q1. Which
sector does manufacturing belong to?
(a)
Primary (b)
Secondary
(c)
Tertiary (d)
Quaternary
Answer: (b)
Secondary
Q2. The
economic strength of a country is measured by:
(a) Its
agricultural output (b)
Development of manufacturing industries
(c) Its
population (d) Its area
Answer: (b)
Development of manufacturing industries
Q3. Which of
the following is an example of a mineral-based industry?
(a)
Sugar (b)
Iron and steel
(c) Cotton
textile (d) Jute
textile
Answer: (b)
Iron and steel
Q4. Which of
the following is an agro-based industry?
(a)
Cement (b)
Aluminium
(c) Jute
textile (d) Petrochemicals
Answer: (c)
Jute textile
Q5. Basic or
key industries supply their products as raw material to manufacture other
goods. Which is an example?
(a)
Sugar (b)
Toothpaste
(c) Iron and
steel (d)
Sewing machines
Answer: (c)
Iron and steel
Q6. Which of
these is a consumer industry?
(a) Copper
smelting (b) Aluminium
smelting
(c) Sewing
machines (d) Iron and steel
Answer: (c)
Sewing machines
Q7. The
maximum investment allowed on assets of a unit for it to be called a
small-scale industry is:
(a) ₹10
lakh (b)
₹50 lakh
(c) ₹1
crore (d)
₹5 crore
Answer: (c)
₹1 crore
Q8. BHEL and
SAIL are examples of industries in the:
(a) Private
sector (b) Public
sector
(c) Joint
sector (d)
Cooperative sector
Answer: (b)
Public sector
Q9. TISCO
and Bajaj Auto Ltd. are examples of:
(a) Public
sector (b) Private
sector
(c) Joint
sector (d)
Cooperative sector
Answer: (b)
Private sector
Q10. Oil
India Ltd. (OIL) is an example of a/an:
(a) Public
sector industry (b)
Private sector industry
(c) Joint
sector industry (d)
Cooperative sector industry
Answer: (c)
Joint sector industry
Q11. The
sugar industry in Maharashtra and coir industry in Kerala are examples of:
(a) Public
sector (b) Private
sector
(c) Joint
sector (d) Cooperative
sector
Answer: (d)
Cooperative sector
Q12. Which
of the following is a heavy industry?
(a)
Electrical goods (b)
Iron and steel
(c)
Toothpaste (d)
Sewing machines
Answer: (b)
Iron and steel
Q13. Which
one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material?
(a)
Cement (b)
Aluminium smelting
(c)
Paper (d)
Steel
Answer: (b)
Aluminium smelting
Q14. Which
one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computers, etc.?
(a)
Steel (b)
Electronic
(c)
Aluminium smelting (d) Information
Technology
Answer: (b)
Electronic
Q15. The
textile industry is unique because it is:
(a) Only run
by the government (b) Complete in
value chain from raw material to finished product
(c) Located
only in Maharashtra (d) Based only on
synthetic fibres
Answer: (b)
Complete in value chain from raw material to finished product
Q16. The
first successful textile mill in India was established in 1854 at:
(a)
Ahmedabad (b) Surat (c) Mumbai (d)
Kolkata
Answer: (c)
Mumbai
Q17. Which
technique was used for cotton textile production in ancient India?
(a) Power
looms (b)
Hand spinning and handloom weaving
(c)
Automatic looms (d)
Steam looms
Answer: (b)
Hand spinning and handloom weaving
Q18. During
the colonial period, the Indian cotton textile industry suffered a setback
because:
(a) Of lack
of raw cotton (b) It could not compete with mill-made
cloth from England
(c) Of a
lack of labour (d) Of drought
Answer: (b)
It could not compete with mill-made cloth from England
Q19. The
cotton textile industry was traditionally concentrated in which states, due to
availability of raw cotton and moist climate?
(a) Punjab
and Haryana (b) Maharashtra and
Gujarat
(c) West
Bengal and Odisha (d) Bihar
and UP
Answer: (b)
Maharashtra and Gujarat
Q20.
Spinning of cotton yarn is highly centralised in:
(a) West
Bengal, Assam, Odisha (b) Maharashtra,
Gujarat, Tamil Nadu
(c) UP,
Bihar, MP (d) Punjab,
Haryana, Delhi
Answer: (b)
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu
Q21. Weaving
of cotton textiles in India is:
(a) Highly
centralised (b) Highly
decentralised
(c) Done
only in mills (d) Done only in
Gujarat
Answer: (b)
Highly decentralised
Q22.
Handspun cloth is known as:
(a) Silk (b) Khadi (c)
Zari (d)
Muslin
Answer: (b)
Khadi
Q23. India
stands at which position in export of jute goods, after Bangladesh?
(a) First (b) Second (c) Third (d)
Fourth
Answer: (b)
Second
Q24. Most of
the jute mills in India are located along the banks of the river:
(a)
Ganga (b)
Hugli (c)
Brahmaputra (d) Damodar
Answer: (b)
Hugli
Q25. The
first jute mill in India was set up in 1855 at:
(a)
Kolkata (b)
Rishra
(c)
Howrah (d)
Bankura
Answer: (b)
Rishra
Q26. After
Partition in 1947, three-fourth of the jute-producing area went to:
(a)
Pakistan (b)
Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan)
(c)
Nepal (d)
Myanmar
Answer: (b)
Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan)
Q27. India
occupies first place in the world in the production of:
(a) Refined
sugar (b)
Gur and khandsari
(c)
Sugarcane exports only (d) Cotton
Answer: (b)
Gur and khandsari
Q28. India
stands at which position as a world producer of sugar?
(a)
First (b)
Second
(c)
Third (d)
Fourth
Answer: (b)
Second
Q29. Sixty
per cent of sugar mills in India are located in:
(a)
Maharashtra and Karnataka (b) Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
(c) Tamil
Nadu and AP (d) Gujarat and Punjab
Answer: (b)
Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
Q30. In recent
years, sugar mills are shifting towards the southern and western states mainly
because:
(a) Of
cheaper labour
(b) The cane
there has higher sucrose content and cooler climate ensures longer crushing
season
(c) Of
government subsidies only
(d) Of
proximity to ports
Answer: (b)
The cane there has higher sucrose content and cooler climate ensures longer
crushing season
Q31. The
sugar industry is ideally suited to which sector because it is seasonal in
nature?
(a) Public
sector (b) Private
sector
(c)
Cooperative sector (d) Joint sector
Answer: (c)
Cooperative sector
Q32. The
iron and steel industry is called the basic industry because:
(a) It is
the oldest industry (b) All
other industries depend on it for machinery
(c) It uses
the least raw material (d) It is a cottage
industry
Answer: (b)
All other industries depend on it for machinery
Q33. Iron
ore, coking coal and limestone are required in the approximate ratio of:
(a)
1:2:4 (b)
4:2:1 (c)
2:4:1 (d)
1:1:1
Answer: (b)
4:2:1
Q34. Which
mineral is added to harden steel?
(a)
Bauxite (b)
Manganese
(c)
Mica (d)
Gypsum
Answer: (b)
Manganese
Q35. In the
blast furnace, which material acts as the fluxing agent?
(a)
Coke (b)
Limestone
(c) Manganese (d)
Bauxite
Answer: (b)
Limestone
Q36. The
molten material from the blast furnace is poured into moulds called:
(a)
Ingots (b)
Pigs
(c)
Blooms (d)
Slabs
Answer: (b)
Pigs
Q37. The
maximum concentration of iron and steel industries in India is found in the:
(a) Deccan
Plateau (b) Chhotanagpur
Plateau region
(c) Malwa
Plateau (d) Shillong
Plateau
Answer: (b)
Chhotanagpur Plateau region
Q38. Which
of the following is NOT a location factor for the iron and steel industry in
the Chhotanagpur region?
(a) Low cost
of iron ore (b) Cheap labour
(c) High
grade raw material in proximity (d) Coastal location
Answer: (d)
Coastal location
Q39. Which
is the second most important metallurgical industry in India?
(a) Iron and
steel (b)
Aluminium smelting
(c) Copper
smelting (d) Cement
Answer: (b)
Aluminium smelting
Q40.
Aluminium is popular as a substitute for all of the following EXCEPT:
(a)
Steel (b)
Copper
(c)
Zinc (d)
Bauxite
Answer: (d)
Bauxite
Q41.
Bauxite, the raw material for aluminium, is:
(a) Light
and white in colour (b) Bulky and
dark reddish coloured
(c) A
liquid (d)
A gas
Answer: (b)
Bulky and dark reddish coloured
Q42. To
produce 1 tonne of aluminium, approximately how much bauxite is required?
(a) 1–2
tonnes (b) 2–4
tonnes
(c) 4–6
tonnes (d) 8–10
tonnes
Answer: (c)
4–6 tonnes
Q43. The two
prime factors for locating an aluminium smelting plant are:
(a) Cheap
labour and market
(b) Regular
electricity supply and assured raw material at minimum cost
(c) Port
facilities and capital
(d) Climate
and rainfall
Answer: (b)
Regular electricity supply and assured raw material at minimum cost
Q44.
Sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash and caustic soda are examples
of:
(a) Organic
chemicals (b) Inorganic
chemicals
(c)
Petrochemicals (d) Fertilisers
Answer: (b)
Inorganic chemicals
Q45.
Petrochemicals fall under the category of:
(a)
Inorganic chemicals (b)
Organic chemicals
(c)
Fertilisers (d)
None of these
Answer: (b)
Organic chemicals
Q46. Organic
chemical plants are generally located near:
(a) River
banks (b)
Oil refineries or petrochemical plants
(c) Coal
mines (d)
Ports only
Answer: (b)
Oil refineries or petrochemical plants
Q47. The
chemical industry's largest consumer is:
(a) The
automobile industry (b) The
chemical industry itself
(c) The
textile industry (d) The steel
industry
Answer: (b)
The chemical industry itself
Q48. The fertilizer
industry is centred around the production of nitrogenous fertilizers, mainly:
(a) DAP (b)
Urea
(c)
Potash (d)
Soda ash
Answer: (b)
Urea
Q49. Which
nutrient used in fertilizers is entirely imported by India?
(a)
Nitrogen (b)
Phosphate
(c)
Potash (d)
Sulphur
Answer: (c)
Potash
Q50. The
fertilizer industry expanded to several parts of the country after the:
(a) Green
Revolution (b) White Revolution
(c)
Industrial Revolution (d)
Blue Revolution
Answer: (a) Green
Revolution
Q51. Which
two states contribute together with Gujarat, UP and Punjab towards about half
of India's fertilizer production?
(a) Kerala
and Tamil Nadu (b) Assam and Goa
(c) Bihar
and MP (d) Rajasthan
and Karnataka
Answer: (a)
Kerala and Tamil Nadu
Q52. Cement
industry requires which of these bulky raw materials?
(a) Bauxite,
mica, gypsum (b) Limestone, silica, gypsum
(c) Iron
ore, coal, limestone (d)
Petroleum, coal, silica
Answer: (b)
Limestone, silica, gypsum
Q53. Apart
from raw materials, the cement industry also needs:
(a) Coal,
electric power, rail transport (b) Only labour
(c) Only
water (d)
Only ports
Answer: (a)
Coal, electric power, rail transport
Q54. The
first cement plant in India was set up in 1904 at:
(a)
Mumbai (b)
Chennai
(c)
Kolkata (d)
Delhi
Answer: (b)
Chennai
Q55. Cement
plants are strategically located in Gujarat mainly for access to markets in:
(a) African
countries (b) Gulf countries
(c) European
countries (d)
Southeast Asian countries
Answer: (b)
Gulf countries
Q56. After
liberalisation, the automobile industry's growth was stimulated by:
(a)
Government subsidies alone (b)
The coming in of new and contemporary models
(c) Export
bans (d)
Decrease in demand
Answer: (b)
The coming in of new and contemporary models
Q57. Which
of these is NOT a major automobile industry centre?
(a)
Gurugram (b)
Pune
(c)
Jamshedpur (d) Rishra
Answer: (d)
Rishra
Q58. Which
city has emerged as the "electronic capital" of India?
(a)
Mumbai (b)
Bengaluru
(c)
Chennai (d)
Hyderabad
Answer: (b)
Bengaluru
Q59. The
electronics industry manufactures all of the following EXCEPT:
(a)
Transistors (b)
Radars
(c)
Fertilizers (d) Computers
Answer: (c)
Fertilizers
Q60. The IT
industry's success depends most on continuing growth in:
(a) Textiles
and jute (b) Hardware and
software
(c) Sugar
and cement (d) Fertilizer and
cement
Answer: (b)
Hardware and software
Q61. Industries
are responsible for how many types of pollution?
(a) Two (b)
Three (c)
Four (d)
Five
Answer: (c)
Four
Q62. Air
pollution is caused by high proportion of which gases?
(a) Oxygen
and nitrogen (b) Sulphur dioxide and
carbon monoxide
(c) Hydrogen
and helium (d) Argon and neon
Answer: (b)
Sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide
Q63. The
Bhopal Gas Tragedy is an example of:
(a) Water
pollution (b) Air pollution
(c) Noise
pollution (d) Thermal
pollution
Answer: (b)
Air pollution
Q64. Which
industries are the main culprits behind water pollution through dyes and heavy
metals?
(a)
Automobile and IT (b)
Paper, chemical, textile, tanneries, electroplating
(c) Cement
and aluminium (d) Sugar and fertilizer only
Answer: (b)
Paper, chemical, textile, tanneries, electroplating
Q65. Fly
ash, phospho-gypsum and iron/steel slags are major:
(a) Air
pollutants (b) Water
pollutants
(c) Solid
wastes (d) Noise
pollutants
Answer: (c)
Solid wastes
Q66. Thermal
pollution of water is caused when:
(a) Cold
water is released into rivers
(b) Hot
water from factories/thermal plants is drained into rivers without cooling
(c) Rivers
freeze
(d) Water is
diverted for irrigation
Answer: (b)
Hot water from factories/thermal plants is drained into rivers without cooling
Q67. Wastes
from nuclear power plants can cause:
(a) Improved
crop yield (b) Cancers, birth
defects, and miscarriages
(c) Better
fisheries (d) No harmful
effect
Answer: (b)
Cancers, birth defects, and miscarriages
Q68. Noise
pollution can cause all of the following EXCEPT:
(a) Hearing
impairment (b) Increased heart rate
and blood pressure
(c) Improved
concentration (d) Irritation and stress
Answer: (c)
Improved concentration
Q69. Every
litre of waste water discharged by industry pollutes freshwater by how many
times its quantity?
(a) 2
times (b)
4 times (c) 8
times (d)
10 times
Answer: (c)
8 times
Q70. Which
is the correct order of effluent treatment phases?
(a) Tertiary
→ Secondary → Primary (b) Primary → Secondary →
Tertiary
(c)
Secondary → Primary → Tertiary (d) Primary → Tertiary →
Secondary
Answer: (b)
Primary → Secondary → Tertiary
Q71. Primary
treatment of effluents involves:
(a)
Biological processes only (b)
Screening, grinding, flocculation, sedimentation
(c)
Recycling of wastewater only (d) Chemical
processes only
Answer: (b)
Screening, grinding, flocculation, sedimentation
Q72.
Tertiary treatment of wastewater involves:
(a) Only mechanical
screening
(b)
Biological, chemical and physical processes, including recycling
(c) Only
sedimentation
(d) Only
filtration
Answer: (b)
Biological, chemical and physical processes, including recycling
Q73.
Particulate matter in air can be reduced by fitting factories with:
(a)
Silencers (b) Electrostatic
precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers
(c)
Earplugs (d) Green belts
only
Answer: (b)
Electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers
Q74. Smoke
from factories can be reduced by:
(a) Using
more coal (b) Using oil or
gas instead of coal
(c)
Increasing factory height only (d) Burning waste
openly
Answer: (b)
Using oil or gas instead of coal
Q75. Noise
pollution from machinery can be reduced by:
(a) Increasing
machine speed
(b) Fitting
generators with silencers and redesigning machinery
(c) Removing
all machinery
(d) Ignoring
the noise
Answer: (b)
Fitting generators with silencers and redesigning machinery
Q76. NTPC
has ISO certification for:
(a) Quality
Management System 9001 (b) Environment Management
System (EMS) 14001
(c) Food
Safety Management (d) Information
Security Management
Answer: (b)
Environment Management System (EMS) 14001
Q77. The
challenge of sustainable development requires integration of:
(a) Only
economic development (b)
Only environmental concerns
(c) Economic
development with environmental concerns
(d) Only industrial
growth
Answer: (c)
Economic development with environmental concerns
Q78. Which
of the following pairs is correctly matched?
(a) Cotton
textile – Bulky raw material (b) Jute textile – First mill
at Rishra, 1855
(c) Sugar
industry – Located mainly in Punjab (d) Iron & Steel – Light industry
Answer: (b)
Jute textile – First mill at Rishra, 1855
Q79. Which
industry provides large-scale cottage employment through handspun khadi?
(a) Jute
textile (b)
Cotton textile
(c) Woollen
textile (d) Silk textile
Answer: (b)
Cotton textile
Q80. Which
of the following industries is an example of a joint sector industry?
(a)
SAIL (b)
TISCO
(c) Oil
India Ltd. (OIL) (d)
Bajaj Auto Ltd.
Answer: (c)
Oil India Ltd. (OIL)
SECTION B: SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q1. What is manufacturing? Give two
examples.
Answer:
·
Example 1: Wood is processed
into paper.
·
Example 2: Iron ore is
processed into iron and steel.
Q2. Mention any three reasons why
manufacturing industries are considered the backbone of economic development.
Answer:
·
They help eradicate
unemployment and poverty, and reduce regional disparities.
·
Export of manufactured goods
expands trade and brings in foreign exchange.
Q3. How are agriculture and
industry interdependent? Explain with examples.
Answer:
·
Industry supplies inputs to
agriculture, e.g., irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, PVC pipes.
·
Agro-industries raise
agricultural productivity, showing the two sectors move hand in hand.
Q4. Classify industries on the
basis of source of raw material with examples.
Answer:
·
Mineral-based: use
minerals/metals as raw material — e.g., iron and steel, cement, aluminium,
petrochemicals.
·
This classification helps
understand an industry's dependence on a particular raw material source.
Q5. Differentiate between basic and
consumer industries with examples.
Answer:
·
Consumer industries produce
goods for direct use by consumers — e.g., sugar, toothpaste, sewing machines.
·
Basic industries support other
industries; consumer industries directly serve the public.
Q6. Explain the classification of
industries on the basis of ownership.
Answer:
·
Private sector: owned by
individuals/group of individuals, e.g., TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd.
·
Joint sector: jointly run by
state and individuals, e.g., Oil India Ltd. (OIL).
·
Cooperative sector:
owned/operated by producers/suppliers who pool resources and share profit/loss,
e.g., sugar industry in Maharashtra.
Q7. What is meant by heavy and
light industries? Give one example of each.
Answer:
·
Heavy industries: use bulky raw
material and produce heavy goods, e.g., iron and steel.
·
Light industries: use light raw
material and produce light goods, e.g., electrical goods industry.
Q8. Why is the textile industry
considered unique in the Indian economy?
Answer:
·
It contributes significantly to
industrial production.
·
It generates large-scale
employment and foreign exchange earnings.
Q9. Describe the value-addition
chain in the textile industry.
Answer:
·
Spinning → yarn.
·
Weaving/knitting → fabric.
·
Dyeing, finishing, and garment
manufacture → garments.
Q10. Why did the cotton textile
industry suffer a setback during the colonial period?
Answer:
·
They could not compete with
cheap mill-made cloth imported from England.
·
The World Wars later boosted
demand for cloth in the UK, indirectly reviving the industry.
Q11. Explain the factors
responsible for the location of the cotton textile industry in Maharashtra and
Gujarat.
Answer:
·
Access to market, transport,
and accessible port facilities.
·
Availability of labour and a
moist climate suitable for spinning.
Q12. Why is spinning centralised
while weaving is decentralised in the cotton textile industry?
Answer:
·
Weaving is decentralised to
allow the incorporation of traditional skills and designs (zari, embroidery).
·
This lets India retain
world-class spinning capacity while sustaining traditional handloom weaving
culture.
Q13. Why is it important to keep
the mill sector loomage lower than powerloom and handloom?
Answer:
·
Mills are capital-intensive and
employ fewer people relative to output.
·
Promoting handloom/powerloom
preserves traditional skills and provides livelihood to weavers.
Q14. Describe the location and
growth of the jute textile industry in India.
Answer:
·
The first jute mill was set up
in 1855 at Rishra, near Kolkata.
·
After Partition (1947), the
mills remained in India but three-fourth of the jute-growing area went to Bangladesh.
Q15. Mention the factors
responsible for the concentration of the jute industry in the Hugli basin.
Answer:
·
Good network of railways,
roadways, waterways and abundant water for processing.
·
Cheap labour from West Bengal,
Bihar, Odisha, UP, and Kolkata's banking, insurance and port facilities.
Q16. Why is the sugar industry
seasonal in nature and suited to the cooperative sector?
Answer:
·
Being seasonal, it suits the
cooperative model where farmers/producers share profits according to their
contribution.
·
The cooperative sector has been
especially successful in states like Maharashtra.
Q17. Explain the recent shift of
sugar mills towards southern and western states.
Answer:
·
The cooler climate there
ensures a longer crushing season.
·
Cooperative societies have
proven more successful in these regions.
Q18. Why is the iron and steel
industry called the basic industry?
Answer:
·
Steel is required to
manufacture engineering goods, construction material, defence and medical
equipment.
·
Production and consumption of
steel is often regarded as the index of a country's development.
Q19. Explain the process of
manufacturing steel with the help of a flow chart.
Answer:
·
In the blast furnace, iron ore
is melted, limestone acts as a fluxing material, and coke heats the ore; slag
is removed.
·
Molten material is poured into
moulds called pigs (pig iron); this is purified by melting and oxidising
impurities, adding manganese, nickel, chromium (steel making).
·
Finally the metal is shaped by
rolling, pressing, casting and forging.
Q20. Why is the Chhotanagpur
Plateau region ideal for the iron and steel industry?
Answer:
·
High-grade raw materials
available in proximity.
·
Cheap labour and vast growth
potential in the home market.
Q21. Describe the importance and
uses of aluminium.
Answer:
·
It is malleable and becomes
strong when alloyed with other metals.
·
It is used to manufacture
aircraft, utensils and wires, and substitutes steel, copper, zinc and lead.
Q22. What are the two prime factors
for the location of an aluminium smelting industry?
Answer:
·
An assured source of raw
material (bauxite) at minimum cost.
·
Hence, plants are located near
bauxite deposits with access to cheap power, e.g., in Odisha.
Q23. Differentiate between
inorganic and organic chemicals with examples.
Answer:
·
Organic chemicals:
petrochemicals — used for synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics, drugs
and pharmaceuticals.
·
Organic chemical plants are
located near oil refineries/petrochemical plants, since petroleum is their raw
material.
Q24. Describe the growth and
distribution of the fertilizer industry in India.
Answer:
·
Potash is entirely imported as
India lacks commercially usable potash reserves.
·
After the Green Revolution, the
industry expanded; Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, UP, Punjab, and Kerala contribute about
half of national production.
Q25. What raw materials and other
inputs does the cement industry require?
Answer:
·
Other inputs: coal and electric
power.
·
An efficient rail
transportation network is also essential for distribution.
Q26. Describe the growth of the
automobile industry in India after liberalisation.
Answer:
·
This stimulated demand for
passenger cars, two-wheelers, and three-wheelers.
·
The industry grew healthily and
is now located around Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, and Bengaluru, among
other centres.
Q27. Why is Bengaluru called the
"Electronic Capital of India"?
Answer:
·
It hosts major IT companies and
software technology parks.
·
It has generated large-scale
employment through continuous growth in hardware and software.
Q28. Explain any three ways in
which industries cause water pollution.
Answer:
·
Tanneries and electroplating
industries release dyes, detergents, acids, and heavy metals like lead and
mercury.
·
Thermal pollution occurs when
hot water from factories is released into rivers without cooling, harming
aquatic life.
Q29. Suggest three measures to
reduce industrial water pollution.
Answer:
·
Harvest rainwater to meet water
requirements.
·
Treat hot water and effluents
(through primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment) before releasing them into
rivers or ponds.
Q30. How can air and noise
pollution caused by industries be reduced?
Answer:
·
Noise pollution: fit machinery
and generators with silencers; redesign machinery to increase energy efficiency
and reduce noise.
·
Use of noise-absorbing
material, earplugs, and earphones by workers.
SECTION C: LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q1. Explain the importance of
manufacturing industries in the development of a nation's economy.
Answer:
·
Industrial development is a
precondition for the eradication of unemployment and poverty — the philosophy
behind public and joint sector industries in India.
·
Establishing industries in
tribal and backward areas helps bring down regional disparities.
·
Export of manufactured goods
expands trade and commerce and brings in much-needed foreign exchange.
·
Countries transforming raw
materials into higher-value finished goods become prosperous; India's
prosperity lies in diversifying its manufacturing base as quickly as possible.
Q2. Describe the various bases on
which industries are classified in India.
Answer:
·
and mineral-based (iron &
steel, cement).
·
According to their main role:
basic/key industries (iron & steel) and consumer industries (sugar,
toothpaste).
·
On the basis of capital
investment: small-scale (investment up to ₹1 crore) and large-scale industries.
·
On the basis of ownership:
public sector (SAIL), private sector (TISCO), joint sector (OIL), and
cooperative sector (sugar industry, Maharashtra).
·
On the basis of bulk and weight
of raw material/finished goods: heavy industries (iron & steel) and light
industries (electrical goods).
Q3. Explain the value chain in the
textile industry and why it is regarded as unique in the Indian economy.
Answer:
·
The value chain: fibre
production → raw fibre → spinning → yarn → weaving/knitting → fabric → dyeing
& finishing → garment manufacture → garments.
·
It contributes significantly to
industrial production, employment generation, and foreign exchange earnings.
·
It supports other industries by
creating demand, such as chemicals and dyes, packaging materials, and
engineering works.
·
It provides livelihoods to
farmers, cotton-boll pluckers, and workers engaged in ginning, spinning,
weaving, dyeing, designing, and sewing.
Q4. Discuss the growth and
locational factors of the cotton textile industry in India.
Answer:
·
The industry suffered during
the colonial period as it could not compete with mill-made cloth from England,
though the World Wars later boosted demand for Indian cloth.
·
The first successful textile
mill was established in Mumbai in 1854.
·
It was traditionally
concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat due to the availability of raw cotton,
market, transport, port facilities, labour, and moist climate.
·
While spinning remains
centralised in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, weaving is highly
decentralised to incorporate traditional skills like zari and embroidery; khadi
provides large-scale cottage employment.
Q5. Discuss the growth,
distribution, and locational factors of the jute textile industry in India.
Answer:
·
The first jute mill was set up
near Kolkata at Rishra in 1855.
·
After Partition in 1947, the
mills remained in India, but three-fourth of the jute-growing area went to
Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan).
·
Most mills are located in West
Bengal along the banks of the Hugli river due to proximity to jute-growing
areas, cheap water transport, and a good rail/road network.
·
Other factors include abundant
water for processing raw jute, cheap labour from Bihar, Odisha and UP, and
Kolkata's banking, insurance and port facilities.
Q6. Discuss the distribution of the
sugar industry in India and explain the recent shift in its location.
Answer:
·
The raw material (sugarcane) is
bulky, and its sucrose content reduces during transport/haulage, so mills are
located near cane-growing areas.
·
Major sugar-producing states
include Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Gujarat;
60% of mills are in UP and Bihar.
·
Being seasonal in nature, this
industry is ideally suited to the cooperative sector.
·
In recent years, mills have
shifted towards Maharashtra and other southern/western states because the cane
there has higher sucrose content, the cooler climate ensures a longer crushing
season, and cooperatives have been more successful there.
Q7. Describe the process of
manufacturing steel with the help of a diagram/flow chart.
Answer:
·
In the blast furnace, iron ore
is melted; limestone is added as a fluxing material; slag is removed; coke is
burnt to heat the ore.
·
The molten material is poured
into moulds called "pigs," producing pig iron.
·
In steel making, pig iron is
further purified by melting and oxidising impurities; manganese, nickel, and
chromium are added.
·
Finally, the metal is shaped
through rolling, pressing, casting, and forging.
Q8. "The iron and steel
industry is the basic industry." Explain, and describe the factors
responsible for its location in the Chhotanagpur Plateau region.
Answer:
·
Steel is required to
manufacture engineering goods, construction material, defence, medical,
telephonic, and scientific equipment.
·
Iron and steel is a heavy
industry as raw materials and finished goods are heavy and bulky, entailing
high transport costs.
·
The Chhotanagpur Plateau has
the maximum concentration of this industry due to low-cost iron ore, high-grade
raw materials in proximity, and cheap labour.
·
The region also has vast growth
potential in the home market, making it ideal for locating steel plants.
Q9. Describe the aluminium smelting
industry in India — its importance, raw materials, and location.
Answer:
·
Aluminium is light, resistant
to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable, and becomes strong when
mixed with other metals.
·
It is used to manufacture
aircraft, utensils, and wires, and has become popular as a substitute for
steel, copper, zinc, and lead.
·
Bauxite (the raw material) is
bulky and dark reddish in colour; approximately 4-6 tonnes of bauxite yield 2
tonnes of alumina and finally 1 tonne of aluminium.
·
Regular electricity supply and
an assured source of raw material at minimum cost are the two prime factors for
its location; plants are found in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, UP,
Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu.
Q10. Describe the chemical industry
in India, distinguishing between inorganic and organic chemicals.
Answer:
·
Inorganic chemicals include
sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash, and caustic soda, which are
widely spread over the country.
·
Sulphuric acid is used to
manufacture fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives, paints, and
dyestuffs.
·
Organic chemicals include
petrochemicals, used for manufacturing synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber,
plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs, and pharmaceuticals; these plants are located near
oil refineries or petrochemical plants.
·
The chemical industry is its
own largest consumer, as basic chemicals are processed further to produce other
chemicals for industrial, agricultural, and consumer use.
Q11. Explain the growth and
distribution of the fertilizer industry in India.
Answer:
·
, phosphatic fertilizers, and
ammonium phosphate (DAP), along with complex fertilizers combining N, P, and K.
·
Potash is entirely imported, as
India lacks commercially usable reserves of potash or potassium compounds.
·
After the Green Revolution, the
industry expanded to several other parts of the country.
·
Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar
Pradesh, Punjab, and Kerala together contribute about half of the fertilizer
production.
·
Other significant producers
include Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, West
Bengal, Goa, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, and Karnataka.
Q12. Discuss the cement industry in
India — its raw materials, requirements, and location.
Answer:
·
The industry requires bulky and
heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, and gypsum.
·
Coal and electric power are
also needed, apart from an efficient rail transportation network.
·
The first cement plant was set
up in Chennai in 1904; the industry expanded significantly after Independence.
·
Plants are strategically
located in Gujarat, providing suitable access to markets in the Gulf countries.
Q13. Describe the growth of the
automobile and information technology industries in India.
Answer:
·
After liberalisation, new and
contemporary models stimulated demand, leading to healthy growth of the
industry, including passenger cars and two/three-wheelers.
·
The automobile industry is
located around Delhi, Gurugram, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore,
Hyderabad, Jamshedpur, and Bengaluru.
·
The electronics industry covers
products from transistors to televisions, telephones, radars, and computers;
Bengaluru has emerged as the electronic capital of India.
·
A major impact of the
IT/electronics industry has been on employment generation; continuing growth in
hardware and software is key to the success of the IT industry in India.
Q14. Explain the four types of
pollution caused by industries with examples.
Answer:
·
emitted by chemical/paper
factories, brick kilns, and refineries; e.g., the Bhopal Gas Tragedy.
·
Water pollution: caused by
organic and inorganic wastes from paper, chemical, textile, dyeing, tanneries,
and electroplating industries, which release dyes, acids, salts, and heavy
metals like lead and mercury into water bodies.
·
Thermal pollution: occurs when
hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers/ponds
without cooling, harming aquatic life.
·
Land/soil pollution: caused by
dumping of glass, chemicals, effluents, packaging, and garbage, which also
contaminates groundwater through rainwater percolation.
·
Noise pollution: caused by
industrial machinery, generators, saws, and drills, resulting in irritation,
hearing impairment, and increased blood pressure.
Q15. Suggest and explain the
various measures to control industrial pollution and environmental degradation.
Answer:
·
Harvest rainwater to meet water
requirements, reducing dependence on freshwater sources.
·
Treat hot water and effluents
before releasing them into rivers/ponds through primary (mechanical), secondary
(biological), and tertiary (biological, chemical, physical) treatment.
·
Reduce air pollution by fitting
factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers, and
inertial separators, and by using oil/gas instead of coal.
·
Reduce noise pollution by
redesigning machinery for energy efficiency, fitting generators with silencers,
and using noise-absorbing material, earplugs, and earphones.
Q16. Explain, with reference to
NTPC, how a corporation can integrate industrial development with environmental
protection.
Answer:
·
It has a proactive approach for
preserving natural resources like water, oil, and gas in areas where it sets up
power plants.
·
This is achieved through
optimum utilisation of equipment by adopting the latest techniques and
upgrading existing equipment.
·
It minimises waste generation
by maximising ash utilisation, provides green belts for ecological balance, and
manages ash ponds and liquid waste.
·
It also conducts ecological
monitoring, reviews, and online database management for all its power stations,
showing that sustainable development requires integrating economic development
with environmental concerns.
Q17. Compare agro-based and
mineral-based industries with suitable examples.
Answer:
·
Mineral-based industries use
minerals and metals as raw material, e.g., iron and steel, cement, aluminium,
and petrochemicals.
·
Agro-based industries have
strong linkages with the farming community, providing livelihood to farmers and
agricultural labourers.
·
Mineral-based industries are
often heavy and capital-intensive, requiring significant infrastructure for
extraction and processing of ores.
·
Both types of industries
support each other; for instance, mineral-based industries manufacture
machinery/tools used in agro-based processing.
Q18. Discuss the role of the
cooperative sector in Indian industries with examples.
Answer:
·
They pool in resources and
share profits or losses proportionately among members.
·
The sugar industry in
Maharashtra is a notable example of a successful cooperative venture.
·
The coir industry in Kerala is
another example, benefiting local producers directly.
·
The cooperative model is
especially suited to seasonal industries like sugar, since it allows flexible
sharing of risk and reward.
Q19. Explain why India needs to
diversify and increase its manufacturing industries.
Answer:
·
India's prosperity lies in
increasing and diversifying manufacturing as quickly as possible.
·
In the age of globalisation,
self-sufficiency alone is not enough — Indian goods must be competitive in the
international market.
·
Diversification helps generate
employment across various regions, reducing regional disparities.
·
It also reduces dependence on a
narrow range of exports, making the economy more resilient to external shocks.
Q20. Describe the relationship
between agriculture and industry in India with examples.
Answer:
·
Agro-industries in India have
given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.
·
These industries depend on
agriculture for raw materials such as cotton, sugarcane, and jute.
·
In turn, they sell products
like irrigation pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, pesticides, and PVC pipes to
farmers.
·
This mutual dependence has made
agricultural production processes more efficient while also supporting
industrial growth.
Q21. Explain the classification of
industries on the basis of capital investment and ownership with suitable
examples.
Answer:
·
Public sector industries are
owned and operated by government agencies, e.g., BHEL, SAIL.
·
Private sector industries are
owned by individuals or groups, e.g., TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.
·
Joint sector industries are
jointly run by the state and private individuals, e.g., Oil India Ltd. (OIL).
·
Cooperative sector industries
are owned by producers/suppliers who share profits/losses, e.g., sugar industry
in Maharashtra.
Q22. Discuss why the textile
industry supports the growth of several other industries in India.
Answer:
·
It supports the packaging
materials industry for garment packaging.
·
It boosts engineering works
involved in manufacturing textile machinery.
·
It provides employment linkages
to farmers, cotton-boll pluckers, and workers in ginning, spinning, weaving,
dyeing, and sewing.
·
The industry thereby creates a
multiplier effect on the wider economy beyond textile production itself.
Q23. Explain the significance of
steel as an index of a country's development.
Answer:
·
Steel is essential for
manufacturing engineering goods, construction material, and consumer goods.
·
It supports critical sectors such
as defence, medical equipment, and telecommunications.
·
Since steel is a basic
industry, its output reflects the overall industrial capacity of a nation.
·
Countries with higher steel
production and consumption tend to have more developed manufacturing and
infrastructure sectors.
Q24. What are the challenges faced
by the Indian textile industry despite its unique position in the economy?
Answer:
·
Weaving remains highly
decentralised, making it difficult to modernise uniformly.
·
The industry needs to be more
efficient and competitive to compete internationally after globalisation.
·
Traditional sectors like
handloom face competition from powerloom and mill sectors.
·
Balancing employment generation
(via decentralised weaving) with export-quality production remains an ongoing
challenge.
Q25. Explain how location factors
differ between the cotton textile industry and the jute textile industry.
Answer:
·
The jute textile industry is
concentrated in West Bengal along the Hugli river, based on proximity to
jute-growing areas.
·
Cotton textile relies more on
port facilities and market access in western India.
·
Jute textile relies heavily on
inexpensive water transport and cheap labour from West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha,
and UP.
·
Both industries, however,
depend on good transport networks and labour availability near their raw
material sources.
Q26. Discuss the environmental
hazards associated with the iron and steel and chemical industries.
Answer:
·
It also requires large
transportation networks, increasing fuel consumption and associated air
pollution.
·
The chemical industry produces
effluents including acids and toxic substances that pollute water bodies.
·
Organic chemical/petrochemical
industries near refineries can cause significant air and water contamination.
·
Both industries require strict
effluent treatment (primary, secondary, tertiary) and air pollution control
equipment to minimise these hazards.
Q27. Why is treatment of industrial
effluents necessary, and what are its three phases?
Answer:
·
Primary treatment is done by
mechanical means, involving screening, grinding, flocculation, and
sedimentation.
·
Secondary treatment is carried
out through biological processes to break down organic pollutants.
·
Tertiary treatment involves
biological, chemical, and physical processes, including recycling of wastewater
for reuse.
·
This three-phase treatment
reduces the pollution load on rivers, ponds, and groundwater resources.
Q28. Explain the impact of
liberalisation and globalisation on Indian manufacturing industries.
Answer:
·
It increased competition,
pushing industries like textiles to improve quality to match international
standards.
·
Globalisation demands that
Indian manufactured goods be at par in quality with those in the international
market.
·
It encouraged growth of the IT
and electronics industry, positioning cities like Bengaluru as global hubs.
·
Overall, globalisation pushed
Indian industries to become more efficient and competitive rather than relying
only on self-sufficiency.
Q29. Explain, with examples, how
manufacturing industries help in reducing regional disparities.
Answer:
·
Industries were deliberately
set up in tribal and backward areas to generate local employment.
·
This helps spread industrial
growth beyond already-developed regions, reducing economic imbalance.
·
For example, steel plants in
the Chhotanagpur Plateau region brought industrial development to a
mineral-rich but otherwise underdeveloped area.
·
By creating jobs and
infrastructure in these regions, manufacturing industries directly contribute
to more balanced regional development.
Q30. Describe the type of pollution
caused by nuclear and thermal power plants and suggest ways to reduce their
impact.
Answer:
·
Thermal power plants release
hot water into rivers/ponds without adequate cooling, causing thermal pollution
that harms aquatic life.
·
To reduce these impacts, hot
effluents should be cooled before release into water bodies.
·
Corporations like NTPC follow
proactive environmental practices — ash pond management, ash-water recycling,
and liquid waste management.
·
Continuous ecological
monitoring and adherence to environmental management certifications (like ISO
EMS 14001) help minimise the harmful impact of such plants.
SECTION D: ASSERTION–REASON QUESTIONS
Instructions: Each question
has an Assertion (A) and a Reason (R). Choose the correct option:
(a) Both A and R are true, and R
is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true, but R
is NOT the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true, but R is false.
(d) A is false, but R is true.
Q1. Assertion (A): The iron and steel industry
is called the basic industry.
Reason (R): All other industries, whether
heavy, medium, or light, depend on it for their machinery.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and R
is the correct explanation of A.
Q2. Assertion (A): The cotton textile industry
is concentrated mainly in Maharashtra and Gujarat.
Reason (R): This region has abundant coal
reserves needed for the industry. Answer: (c) A is true, but R is false.
(The correct reasons are availability of raw cotton, market, transport,
labour, and moist climate — not coal.)
Q3. Assertion (A): Weaving in the cotton textile
industry is highly decentralised.
Reason (R): This provides scope for
incorporating traditional skills and designs like zari and embroidery.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and R
is the correct explanation of A.
Q4. Assertion (A): Most jute mills in India are
located in West Bengal. Reason (R): West Bengal has no access to any
port facilities for the export of jute goods.
Answer: (c) A is true, but R is false. (Kolkata
provides banking, insurance, and port facilities for export of jute goods.)
Q5. Assertion (A): The sugar industry is ideally
suited to the cooperative sector.
Reason (R): The sugar industry is
seasonal in nature.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and R
is the correct explanation of A.
Q6. Assertion (A): Sugar mills are shifting
towards Maharashtra and other southern/western states.
Reason (R): The cane produced there has
higher sucrose content and the cooler climate ensures a longer crushing season.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and R
is the correct explanation of A.
Q7. Assertion (A): Iron ore, coking coal, and
limestone are required in the ratio of approximately 4:2:1 for steel
manufacturing.
Reason (R): Manganese is required in the
largest proportion to hardern steel.
Answer: (c) A is true, but R is false. (Manganese
is required only in small quantities to harden steel, not the largest proportion.)
Q8. Assertion (A): The Chhotanagpur Plateau
region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries.
Reason (R): This region has low-cost iron
ore, high-grade raw material in proximity, and cheap labour.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and R
is the correct explanation of A.
Q9. Assertion (A): Aluminium smelting is the
second most important metallurgical industry in India.
Reason (R): Aluminium is heavy and
corrodes easily, making it useful for construction.
Answer: (c) A is true, but R is false. (Aluminium
is light and resistant to corrosion, not heavy and easily corroded.)
Q10. Assertion (A): Aluminium smelting plants
require a regular supply of electricity.
Reason (R): Aluminium smelting is a
highly power-intensive process.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and R
is the correct explanation of A.
Q11. Assertion (A): Organic chemical plants are
usually located near oil refineries or petrochemical plants.
Reason (R): Petroleum is the main raw
material for organic chemicals like petrochemicals.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and R
is the correct explanation of A.
Q12. Assertion (A): Potash used in fertilizers is
entirely imported by India.
Reason (R): India does not have any
reserves of commercially usable potash or potassium compounds.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and R
is the correct explanation of A.
Q13. Assertion (A): The fertilizer industry
expanded to several parts of the country after the Green Revolution.
Reason (R): The Green Revolution
increased the demand for chemical fertilisers to boost agricultural
productivity.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and R
is the correct explanation of A.
Q14. Assertion (A): Cement industry plants are
strategically located in Gujarat.
Reason (R): Gujarat has suitable access
to markets in the Gulf countries. Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and
R is the correct explanation of A.
Q15. Assertion (A): The automobile industry
witnessed healthy growth after liberalisation.
Reason (R): Liberalisation led to a
decline in the variety of vehicle models available in India.
Answer: (d) A is true* — wait, actually
check: A is true, R is false, hence answer should be (c). (Correction:
Liberalisation led to an INCREASE, not decline, in new and contemporary models,
which stimulated demand.)
Answer: (c) A is true, but R is false.
Q16. Assertion (A): Bengaluru is known as the
"Electronic Capital of India."
Reason (R): It has emerged as a major
centre for electronics manufacturing and IT industries.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and R
is the correct explanation of A.
Q17. Assertion (A): Industries are responsible
for four types of pollution — air, water, land, and noise.
Reason (R): Thermal power plants do not
contribute to any form of industrial pollution. Answer: (c) A is true,
but R is false. (Thermal power plants are also included among polluting
industries.)
Q18. Assertion (A): The Bhopal Gas Tragedy is
cited as an example of the hazards of air pollution from industries.
Reason (R): Toxic gas leaks from
industries can have very hazardous long-term effects.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and R
is the correct explanation of A.
Q19. Assertion (A): Effluent treatment in
industries is carried out in three phases — primary, secondary, and tertiary.
Reason (R): Tertiary treatment involves
only mechanical screening and sedimentation.
Answer: (c) A is true, but R is false. (Tertiary
treatment involves biological, chemical, and physical processes, including
recycling of wastewater — not just mechanical screening.)
Q20. Assertion (A): NTPC has adopted a proactive
approach towards environmental protection.
Reason (R): NTPC has ISO certification
for Environment Management System (EMS) 14001 and undertakes ash pond
management and ecological monitoring.
Answer: (a) Both A and R are true, and R
is the correct explanation of A.
********