2.
India and Her Neighbours
1: Framing the Neighbourhood
Meaning of Neighbourhood
A neighbour is usually understood as a country sharing a land border with another country. India has many neighbouring countries connected through land boundaries. India’s land boundary is more than:15,100 km
This boundary passes through
different physical features such as:
- High mountains
- Plains
- Forests
- Marshes
- River valleys
- Deserts
India’s land neighbours are:
- Pakistan
- Afghanistan
- China (Tibet region)
- Nepal
- Bhutan
- Bangladesh
- Myanmar
However, the chapter explains
that neighbours are not defined only by land borders. India is surrounded by:
- Arabian Sea
- Bay of Bengal
- Indian Ocean
Therefore, India has always
been:
A Maritime Nation
For thousands of years, oceans
connected India with distant lands. Ships travelling across the seas carried:
- Traders
- Sailors
- Pilgrims
- Monks
- Scholars
Through maritime routes,
countries exchanged:
- Goods
- Religious ideas
- Culture
- Art
- Language
- Technology
Thus, countries connected
through seas are also India’s neighbours. These are called:
Maritime Neighbours
India’s maritime neighbours
include:
- Sri Lanka
- Maldives
- Thailand
- Malaysia
- Singapore
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Oman
The seas helped India build
peaceful relations through:
- Trade
- Pilgrimage
- Cultural exchange
rather than conquest.
DON’T
MISS OUT
Maritime Neighbour
A country connected through a
shared sea or ocean even without a direct land border.
The sea acts as:
- A bridge
- A trade route
- A cultural connection
between countries.
DON’T
MISS OUT
Indian Ocean
is:
- The third-largest ocean in the world.
It is one of the world’s
busiest trade routes.
Important textbook facts:
- Half of the world’s container ships pass
through it.
- One-third of the world’s bulk cargo moves
through it.
- Two-thirds of global oil shipments use this
route.
India’s coastline is about: 11,100
km
This gives India:
- Strategic importance
- Maritime importance
- Trade advantages
The Indian Ocean connected
India with:
- Africa
- Arabia
- Southeast Asia
since ancient times.
KEY
WORDS
Maritime Neighbour
A country connected through
sea boundaries.
Maritime Nation
A country closely connected with
sea trade and maritime activities.
2: India and Her Land-based Neighbours
India’s land-based neighbours
are connected with India through:
- Geography
- Mountains
- Rivers
- Trade routes
- Shared religion
- Shared culture
- Historical exchanges
Ancient routes passing through
mountains and valleys helped people exchange:
- Goods
- Beliefs
- Traditions
- Ideas
for centuries.
2.1: India and her Largest Neighbour
India
and China
India and China are two
ancient civilizations of Asia.
The:
Himalayas
form a natural barrier between
them.
The border stretches across:
- Ladakh
- Himachal Pradesh
- Uttarakhand
- Sikkim
- Arunachal Pradesh
Although the Himalayas
separated the countries physically, religion and culture crossed these
mountains.
Buddhism as a Cultural Link
Buddhism spread from India to
China around:
1st century CE
Chinese monks travelled to
India to:
- Study Buddhism
- Visit sacred Buddhist places
- Collect manuscripts
Famous Chinese monks:
- Faxian
- Xuanzang
visited:
- Nālandā University
- Bodh Gayā
- Buddhist monasteries
Indian monks:
- Bodhidharma
- Kumārajīva
- Dharmakṣhema
travelled to China and spread
Buddhist teachings.
This created:
Spiritual and Intellectual
Ties
between India and China.
Buddhism influenced:
- Chinese art
- Literature
- Sculpture
- Architecture
- Philosophy
Trade Relations
India and China also developed
strong trade relations.
India exports:
- Iron ore
- Chemicals
- Cotton yarn
India imports:
- Electronics
- Mobile phones
- Industrial machinery
Trade is economically
important for both countries.
At the same time:
- Border disputes
- Tensions
also exist.
Both countries continue:
- Dialogue
- Agreements
- Diplomatic talks
to solve issues peacefully.
DON’T
MISS OUT — Quanzhou
In:
Quanzhou city of China
Indian Hindu merchants built
temples during the:
13th century
Temple carvings include:
- Vishnu
- Shiva
- Stories from Ramayana
- Stories from Puranas
This proves ancient Indian
cultural influence in China.
2.2: India and Pakistan
India and Pakistan became
separate countries after:
Partition in 1947
Before partition, both regions
were part of:
British India
Partition caused:
- Large-scale migration
- Violence
- Refugee crisis
- Division of families and communities
Millions of people crossed
borders during this period.
India and Pakistan share:
- History
- Culture
- Languages
- Food traditions
- Music
- Clothing styles
Despite political tensions,
many cultural similarities continue.
Shared Cultural Traditions
People on both sides enjoy:
- Similar food
- Similar festivals
- Poetry
- Music
- Films
Languages such as:
- Punjabi
- Urdu
- Sindhi
are spoken across borders.
The:
Indus River System
is important for both
countries.
Indus Waters Treaty
India and Pakistan signed the:
Indus Waters Treaty (1960)
with the help of the:
World Bank
The treaty explains how river
waters are shared between the two countries.
It is considered an important
example of cooperation despite tensions.
DON’T MISS OUT
The:
Kartarpur Corridor
connects:
- Dera Baba Nanak in India
to - Gurdwara Darbar Sahib in Pakistan
This allows Sikh pilgrims from
India to visit the sacred gurudwara associated with:
Guru Nanak Dev Ji
without a visa.
The corridor strengthens:
- Religious connections
- People-to-people ties
Trade and Challenges
India and Pakistan have faced:
- Wars
- Border tensions
- Political disagreements
However, people from both
countries still share:
- Cultural memories
- Historical ties
- Emotional connections
Sports, music, and films often
help maintain people-to-people contact.
KEY
WORDS
Partition
Division of British India into
India and Pakistan in 1947.
Refugees
People forced to leave their
homes because of violence or conflict.
Indus Waters Treaty
Agreement between India and
Pakistan on sharing river waters.
Kartarpur Corridor
A corridor allowing Indian
Sikh pilgrims to visit a sacred gurudwara in Pakistan without a visa.
2.3: A Newborn Neighbour
India
and Bangladesh
Bangladesh is called:
“A Newborn Neighbour”
because it became an
independent country in:
1971
Before independence,
Bangladesh was known as:
East Pakistan
At that time, Pakistan had two
separate parts:
- West Pakistan
- East Pakistan
These two regions were far
apart geographically and had many differences in:
- Language
- Culture
- Economic conditions
People of East Pakistan felt:
- Neglected
- Politically ignored
- Economically exploited
They demanded:
- Equal rights
- Recognition of Bengali language
- Better political representation
Bangladesh Liberation War
(1971)
In 1971, a major struggle for
independence began in East Pakistan. This became known as the:
Bangladesh Liberation War
During the conflict:
- Millions of people suffered
- Many people lost their homes
- Large numbers of refugees entered India
India gave:
- Humanitarian support
- Shelter to refugees
- Political and military assistance
Finally, Bangladesh became an
independent nation in:
December 1971
Thus Bangladesh became
India’s:
“Newborn Neighbour”
Shared Geography
India and Bangladesh share:
India’s longest land border
The border passes through:
- West Bengal
- Assam
- Meghalaya
- Tripura
- Mizoram
Both countries are connected
through:
- Rivers
- Plains
- Transport routes
Many rivers flow through both
countries, creating:
- Agricultural links
- Trade connections
- Communication networks
Shared Culture and Traditions
India and Bangladesh share
deep cultural ties.
Common features include:
- Bengali language
- Music
- Literature
- Food habits
- Festivals
- Traditional clothing
People on both sides often have
similar:
- Customs
- Social traditions
- Cultural practices
Rabindranath Tagore — A Unique
Cultural Link
A special connection between
India and Bangladesh is:
Rabindranath Tagore
He wrote:
- India’s national anthem:
Jana Gana Mana
and also:
- Bangladesh’s national anthem:
Amar Sonar Bangla
This shows the strong cultural
relationship between the two countries.
Trade and Connectivity
India and Bangladesh cooperate
in:
- Railways
- Inland waterways
- Road transport
- Energy projects
- Trade
Rivers are important for:
- Transport
- Trade
- Communication
Both countries are improving:
Connectivity
to strengthen friendship and
economic growth.
Importance of India–Bangladesh
Relations
India and Bangladesh cooperate
in:
- Disaster management
- Border management
- Water sharing
- Cultural exchange
- Regional development
The relationship shows how:
- Shared culture
- Geography
- History
can help neighbouring
countries maintain close ties.
KEY
WORDS
Liberation War
A struggle to gain freedom
from another country.
Refugees
People forced to leave their homes
because of war, violence, or danger.
Connectivity
Transport and communication
links between places.
2.4: In the Lap of the Himalayas
India
and Nepal
India and Nepal share one of
the closest relationships in South Asia.
The border passes through:
- Uttarakhand
- Uttar Pradesh
- Bihar
- West Bengal
- Sikkim
The two countries share:
- Religion
- Festivals
- Traditions
- Languages
- Family ties
People living along the border
often have similar lifestyles and customs.
Religious and Cultural
Connections
Both countries share:
- Hindu traditions
- Buddhist traditions
Pilgrims travel between sacred
places in both countries.
Important temple:
Paśhupatinātha Temple
in Kathmandu.
Common festivals:
- Daśhain
- Tihar
- Holi
These festivals strengthen:
People-to-people Bonds
between Indians and Nepalis.
Open Border Policy
India and Nepal signed:
1950 Treaty of Peace and
Friendship
This allows:
- Free movement
- Employment
- Trade
- Education
- Travel
People can cross borders:
- Without passports
- Without visas
The open border is:
A symbol of trust and
friendship
between the two countries.
Economic Relations
India supplies:
- Petroleum
- Medicines
- Food products
- Manufactured goods
Nepal exports:
- Agricultural products
- Handicrafts
- Garments
India is Nepal’s major trade
partner.
DON’T
MISS OUT
Open Border
A system where people can
travel freely without passports or visas.
Benefits:
- Easy travel
- Religious visits
- Family connections
- Better trade
KEY
WORDS
Open Border
Free movement without
passports or visas.
People-to-people Bonds
Friendly social and cultural
ties among ordinary people.
2.5: The ‘Land of the Thunder Dragon’
Bhutan
India and Bhutan share:
- Friendly relations
- Cultural ties
- Buddhist traditions
- Economic cooperation
Bhutan lies in the eastern
Himalayas.
Buddhism and Shared Culture
Buddhism is an important part
of Bhutanese culture.
Bhutan has:
- Monasteries
- Prayer traditions
- Buddhist festivals
India and Bhutan cooperate in:
- Education
- Hydropower projects
- Environmental protection
DON’T
MISS OUT
Three
Main Schools of Buddhism
Buddhism began in ancient
India from the teachings of:
Gautama Buddha
Over time, Buddhism spread
from India to many neighbouring countries through:
- Monks
- Pilgrims
- Traders
- Universities like Nālandā
As Buddhism spread to
different regions, different schools or branches of Buddhism developed.
The three main schools of Buddhism mentioned in the book are:
- Theravāda
- Mahāyāna
- Vajrayāna
These schools have different
beliefs and practices, but all are based on Buddha’s teachings.
1.
Theravāda Buddhism — “School of the Elders”
Meaning
The word:
Theravāda
means:
“School of the Elders”
It developed around:
3rd century BCE
This school is considered:
- The oldest form of Buddhism
- Closest to Buddha’s original teachings
Theravāda Buddhism focuses on:
- Simple living
- Meditation
- Self-discipline
- Personal effort to achieve enlightenment
Followers believe that people
must:
Follow Buddha’s teachings
carefully to attain Nirvāṇa.
Spread of Theravāda Buddhism
Theravāda spread mainly to:
- Sri Lanka
- Thailand
- Myanmar
- Cambodia
- Laos
Kings and monks helped spread
Buddhism peacefully through:
- Missionary activities
- Monasteries
- Religious teachings
Important Features
Main teachings:
- Importance of discipline
- Meditation
- Moral behaviour
Religious language:
Pali
Religious texts:
Tripiṭaka
Worship:
Followers mainly worship:
- Buddha
- Stūpas
- Monasteries
Importance
Theravāda Buddhism preserved
many early Buddhist teachings and traditions.
Even today it is widely
followed in:
- Sri Lanka
- Southeast Asia
especially:
- Thailand
- Myanmar
2.
Mahāyāna Buddhism — “Great Vehicle”
Meaning
The word:
Mahāyāna
means:
“Great Vehicle”
It developed around:
1st century BCE
This school introduced:
- New ideas
- New practices
- More devotional forms of worship
Main Beliefs
Mahāyāna Buddhists believed:
- Buddha had a divine nature
- Buddha could help people in different forms
This school emphasized:
Compassion for all living
beings
Followers believed enlightened
beings called:
Bodhisattvas
help others achieve salvation.
Bodhisattva Concept
A:
Bodhisattva
is a person who:
- Has achieved enlightenment
but - Delays entering Nirvāṇa to help others.
This idea became very
important in Mahāyāna Buddhism.
Spread of Mahāyāna Buddhism
Mahāyāna spread to:
- China
- Japan
- Korea
- Vietnam
Different sub-schools
developed, including:
Zen Buddhism
Important Features
Worship included:
- Buddha images
- Bodhisattvas
- Rituals
- Prayers
Languages used:
- Sanskrit
- Local languages
Religious art:
Large Buddha statues and
beautiful monasteries developed under Mahāyāna influence.
Importance
Mahāyāna Buddhism helped
Buddhism spread widely across East Asia and made it more accessible to ordinary
people.
3.
Vajrayāna Buddhism — “Diamond Vehicle”
Meaning
The word:
Vajrayāna
means:
“Diamond Vehicle”
It developed around:
6th century CE
It grew as an extension of:
Mahāyāna Buddhism
Vajrayāna is also called:
Tantric Buddhism
Main Features
This school emphasized:
- Special rituals
- Secret teachings
- Meditation techniques
Followers used:
- Mantras
- Mandalas
- Visualisations
during worship and meditation.
Mantras
Mantras
are:
- Sacred sounds or words repeated during
meditation.
People believed mantras
helped:
- Concentration
- Spiritual growth
- Inner peace
Mandalas
Mandalas
are:
- Sacred geometric diagrams
They represent:
- The universe
- Spiritual balance
Mandalas are used for:
- Meditation
- Worship
- Spiritual practices
Tibetan Buddhism
Vajrayāna Buddhism spread to:
Tibet
around:
7th century CE
This led to the development
of:
Tibetan Buddhism
which includes:
- Monasteries
- Prayer wheels
- Special rituals
- Monks called lamas
Spread of Vajrayāna
It spread mainly to:
- Tibet
- Bhutan
- Mongolia
- Himalayan regions
Buddhism
in India Today
Even today, these three
schools of Buddhism are followed in some parts of India, especially in:
- Ladakh
- Himachal Pradesh
- Sikkim
- Arunachal Pradesh
- Other Himalayan regions
Buddhist monasteries,
festivals, and traditions continue to preserve this rich heritage.
KEY
WORDS
Theravāda
The oldest school of Buddhism,
closest to Buddha’s original teachings.
Mahāyāna
A branch of Buddhism
emphasizing compassion and Bodhisattvas.
Vajrayāna
A form of Buddhism using
mantras, mandalas, and special rituals.
Bodhisattva
An enlightened being who helps
others achieve salvation.
Mantra
A sacred sound or phrase
repeated during meditation.
Mandala
A sacred geometric diagram
used in meditation and worship.
Nirvāṇa
The state of freedom from
suffering and rebirth.
DON’T
MISS OUT
Gross
National Happiness
Bhutan introduced:
Gross National Happiness (GNH)
Instead of measuring only
economic growth, Bhutan measures:
- Happiness
- Wellbeing
- Cultural preservation
- Environmental protection
- Good governance
Bhutan believes true
development should improve the quality of people’s lives.
KEY
WORDS
Sustainability
Careful use of resources for
future generations.
Gross National Happiness
Development based on happiness
and wellbeing.
2.6: India’s Gateway to Southeast Asia
India
and Myanmar
Myanmar was earlier called:
Burma
India and Myanmar share:
- Land borders
- Maritime boundaries
- Cultural relations
Indian states bordering
Myanmar:
- Arunachal Pradesh
- Nagaland
- Manipur
- Mizoram
Myanmar acts as:
India’s Gateway to Southeast
Asia
Buddhism and Pilgrimage
Myanmar has a large Buddhist
population.
People from Myanmar visit
India because:
Buddhism originated in India.
Pilgrims visit:
- Bodh Gayā
- Sarnath
- Kushinagar
Land Border Crossing Agreement
(2018)
This agreement improved:
- Trade
- Border transport
- Connectivity
- Border movement
It helped people living near
border areas.
However, some restrictions
were later imposed because of conflicts.
DON’T MISS OUT
Ananda Temple, Bagan
India’s Cultural Assistance
India restored:
Ananda Temple in Bagan
after earthquake damage.
India also gifted:
A replica of the Sarnath
Buddha statue
to Myanmar.
These actions strengthened
cultural friendship.
KEY
WORDS
Pilgrimage
A journey to a sacred
religious place.
Connectivity
Transport and communication
links between places.
2.7: A Land-locked Neighbour
India
and Afghanistan
Afghanistan is:
A Landlocked Country
meaning:
- It has no direct access to the sea.
Before:
1947
India and Afghanistan shared a
direct border.
Ancient Trade Routes
The:
Uttarāpatha
connected:
- India
- Central Asia
through Afghanistan.
This route later became part
of the:
Silk Route
People exchanged:
- Goods
- Language
- Literature
- Art
- Architecture
- Food habits
through these routes.
Cultural Heritage
Afghanistan once had:
- Buddhist centres
- Hindu cultural influence
The:
Buddhas of Bamiyan
were giant Buddhist statues
representing:
Mahāyāna Buddhism
They were destroyed in:
2001
India’s Modern Support
India helped Afghanistan by
building:
- Roads
- Schools
- Hospitals
- Parliament building
India also built:
Zaranj–Delaram Highway
to improve connectivity.
KEY
WORDS
Landlocked Country
A country surrounded by land
without sea access.
Uttarāpatha
Ancient trade route connecting
India with Central Asia.
Silk Route
Ancient trade routes
connecting Asia with Europe.
3: India’s Maritime Neighbours
India’s maritime neighbours
were connected through ancient sea routes.
Indian traders travelled
across oceans searching for:
- Gold
- Spices
- Valuable goods
Sea routes also spread:
- Religion
- Language
- Literature
- Art
- Architecture
peacefully across Asia.
DON’T
MISS OUT
SAARC
SAARC
(South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation)
Many countries in South Asia
realised that neighbouring nations can progress better by:
- Working together
- Sharing resources
- Solving common problems peacefully
Therefore, in:
1985
an organisation called:
SAARC
was formed.
The full form of SAARC is:
South Asian Association for
Regional Cooperation
Member
Countries of SAARC
The member countries are:
- Afghanistan
- Bangladesh
- Bhutan
- India
- Maldives
- Nepal
- Pakistan
- Sri Lanka
These countries belong to:
South Asia
and share:
- Historical ties
- Cultural links
- Economic interests
- Geographical closeness
Main
Aim of SAARC
SAARC was created to:
- Promote cooperation among South Asian
countries
- Improve economic growth
- Encourage social progress
- Strengthen regional friendship
The organisation works for:
- Mutual interests
- Peaceful cooperation
- Development of member countries
Areas
of Cooperation
SAARC countries cooperate in
many fields such as:
- Science
- Education
- Health
- Agriculture
- Environment
- Technology
- Culture
- Trade
The countries try to:
- Share knowledge
- Share resources
- Solve regional problems together
For example:
- Disease control
- Disaster management
- Poverty reduction
- Educational cooperation
Importance
of SAARC
SAARC helps countries:
- Understand each other better
- Increase regional cooperation
- Build stronger relations
- Encourage cultural exchange
It gives smaller countries a
platform to:
- Discuss problems
- Work together with larger nations
Problems
Faced by SAARC
The textbook explains that:
Political tensions among some
members
have often disrupted SAARC’s
functioning.
Conflicts and disagreements
between countries sometimes:
- Delay meetings
- Reduce cooperation
- Slow decision-making
As a result, SAARC has not
always worked effectively.
Other
Regional Groups
The chapter also mentions that
several other:
Regional Groups
exist around the:
Indian Ocean
These groups are formed for:
- Trade cooperation
- Maritime security
- Economic development
- Cultural exchange
- Regional stability
Different organisations focus
on different regional goals.
Importance
of Regional Cooperation
Regional organisations like
SAARC help countries:
- Work together peacefully
- Solve common challenges
- Improve development
- Strengthen friendship
They show that neighbouring
countries can progress better through:
Cooperation instead of
conflict.
KEY
WORDS
SAARC
South Asian Association for
Regional Cooperation.
Regional Cooperation
Countries working together for
common goals.
Mutual Interests
Shared benefits or common
goals among countries.
Regional Group
An organisation formed by
neighbouring countries for cooperation.
3.1: India’s Nearest Maritime Neighbour
India
and Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka is:
India’s nearest maritime
neighbour
It is located in the:
Indian Ocean
just south of India.
India and Sri Lanka are
separated by:
- Palk Strait
- Gulf of Mannar
The distance between the two
countries is very small. At some places, Sri Lanka is only about:
30 km away from India
Because of this close
distance, India and Sri Lanka have shared:
- Cultural ties
- Religious ties
- Trade relations
- Historical connections
for thousands of years.
Historical
and Cultural Connections
Ancient Indian traders and
travellers regularly visited Sri Lanka through sea routes.
Indian influence spread
through:
- Religion
- Language
- Art
- Literature
- Architecture
The famous Indian epic:
Rāmāyaṇa
mentions Sri Lanka as:
Laṅkā
ruled by:
Rāvaṇa
according to the epic.
This created strong cultural
links between the two countries.
Spread
of Buddhism
One of the strongest
connections between India and Sri Lanka is:
Buddhism
Buddhism spread from India to
Sri Lanka during the reign of:
Emperor Aśhoka
Aśhoka sent:
- His son Mahinda
- His daughter Saṅghamitrā
to Sri Lanka to spread
Buddhism.
They carried:
A sapling of the Bodhi Tree
under which Buddha attained
enlightenment.
This helped Buddhism become an
important religion in Sri Lanka.
Even today:
- Buddhist pilgrims
- Monks
- Scholars
travel between the two countries.
Tamil
Connections
Sri Lanka also has a large:
Tamil population
especially in northern and
eastern Sri Lanka.
Tamils in Sri Lanka share:
- Language
- Traditions
- Cultural practices
with people of Tamil Nadu in
India.
This creates strong:
People-to-people Bonds
between the two countries.
Trade
and Economic Relations
India and Sri Lanka cooperate
in:
- Trade
- Tourism
- Fisheries
- Education
- Transport
India exports:
- Petroleum products
- Medicines
- Food items
- Machinery
Both countries are connected
through:
- Shipping routes
- Air transport
- Cultural tourism
Cooperation
in Modern Times
India has helped Sri Lanka
during:
- Natural disasters
- Economic difficulties
- Development projects
The two countries cooperate
in:
- Maritime security
- Disaster management
- Regional development
because both are important
countries in the Indian Ocean region.
Importance
of Sri Lanka to India
Sri Lanka is important to
India because:
- It lies close to India’s southern coast
- It is located on major sea trade routes
- It shares deep cultural and religious ties
with India
The relationship between India
and Sri Lanka shows how:
- Geography
- Religion
- Trade
- Shared history
can create strong bonds
between neighbouring countries.
KEY
WORDS
Maritime Neighbour
A country connected through
seas or oceans.
Palk Strait
The narrow sea separating
India and Sri Lanka.
Bodhi Tree
The tree under which Gautama
Buddha attained enlightenment.
People-to-people Bonds
Friendly social and cultural relations
among ordinary people.
3.2: A Nation of Islets
The
Maldives — A Nation of Islets
The Maldives consists of:
More than 1,100 islets
It lies near India’s
Lakshadweep Islands.
Language and Cultural
Influence
The official language:
Dhīvehī
contains words from:
- Sanskrit
- Tamil
- Malayalam
- Hindi
Examples:
- Raajje
- Mas
- Dhoni
show Indian influence on
Maldivian culture.
Climate Change and Cooperation
Maldives faces danger from:
- Rising sea levels
- Global warming
India and Maldives work
together through:
International Solar Alliance
for:
- Solar energy
- Sustainability
- Environmental protection
KEY
WORDS
Islets
Small islands.
International Solar Alliance
Organisation promoting solar
energy cooperation.
DON’T
MISS OUT
Dhīvehī: Language of the Maldives
Dhīvehī
Language and Indian Influence
The official language of the
Maldives is:
Dhīvehī
The chapter explains that
Dhīvehī is:
A vibrant blend of many Indian
languages and cultures.
This happened because the
Maldives had close contact with India for:
- Trade
- Maritime travel
- Cultural exchange
over many centuries.
Since the Maldives lies close
to India in the Indian Ocean, people travelling by sea carried:
- Goods
- Languages
- Traditions
- Ideas
between the two regions.
As a result, Dhīvehī borrowed
many words from Indian languages such as:
- Sanskrit
- Prakrit
- Tamil
- Malayalam
- Hindi
This shows the deep cultural
and linguistic connection between India and the Maldives.
Sanskrit
Influence
Some Dhīvehī words come from:
Sanskrit
Examples:
Raajje
meaning:
King
comes from the Sanskrit word:
Rājā
Similarly:
Mas
meaning:
Fish
comes from the Sanskrit word:
Matsya
This shows how ancient Indian
languages influenced the Maldivian language.
Tamil
and Malayalam Influence
Dhīvehī also contains words connected
with:
- Tamil
- Malayalam
Examples:
Dhoni
meaning:
Boat
and
Kukulhu
meaning:
Chicken
have roots in Tamil and
Malayalam languages.
This happened because traders
and sailors from South India regularly travelled to the Maldives.
Hindi
and Bollywood Influence
Modern Hindi words have also
entered Dhīvehī because of:
Bollywood films and Indian
popular culture.
Example:
Filmu
meaning:
Film / Movie
comes from Hindi usage.
Indian cinema, songs, and
television became popular in the Maldives and influenced everyday speech.
Maldives
as a Maritime Hub
The chapter describes the
Maldives as:
A Maritime Hub
because ships travelling
through the Indian Ocean often stopped there.
The Maldives became an
important centre for:
- Sea trade
- Cultural exchange
- Movement of people
Through these interactions,
Indian influence became deeply connected with:
- Language
- Food
- Traditions
- Daily life
in the Maldives.
Importance
of Dhīvehī
Dhīvehī shows how:
- Maritime trade
- Migration
- Cultural exchange
can influence language over
time.
The language reflects:
The long historical
relationship between India and the Maldives.
It also shows the importance
of the:
Indian Ocean
as a route for cultural and
linguistic exchange.
KEY
WORDS
Dhīvehī
The official language of the
Maldives.
Maritime Hub
An important centre for sea
travel and trade.
Sanskrit
Ancient classical language of
India.
Prakrit
Ancient Indian languages used
by ordinary people.
Cultural Exchange
Sharing of traditions, language,
and ideas between societies.
3.3: From Dvārakā to Dvāravatī and Ayodhyā to Ayutthayā
India
and Thailand
India and Thailand were
connected through:
- Maritime trade
- Cultural exchange
Indian traders carried:
- Spices
- Textiles
to Thailand.
Indian Cultural Influence
Dvāravatī
came from:
Dvārakā
Ayutthayā
came from:
Ayodhyā
This reflects strong Indian
cultural influence.
Buddhism and Hindu Traditions
Theravāda Buddhism is widely
practised in Thailand.
Indian epics influenced:
- Thai dance
- Literature
- Royal ceremonies
DON’T MISS OUT
Kings of the:
Chakri Dynasty
are named:
Rama
The present king is:
Rama X
Let’s Explore
Samudra Manthana Sculpture
Bangkok airport has a famous
sculpture of:
Samudra Manthana
(Churning of the Ocean)
The sculpture includes:
- Devas
- Asuras
- Vāsuki serpent
- Viṣhṇu
showing Indian mythological
influence.
India–Myanmar–Thailand
Trilateral Highway
This highway connects:
- India
- Myanmar
- Thailand
Importance:
- Better transport
- Increased trade
- Regional cooperation
- Revival of ancient links
KEY
WORDS
Theravāda Buddhism
One of the oldest forms of
Buddhism.
Chakri Dynasty
The ruling royal dynasty of
Thailand.
Trilateral Highway
A highway connecting three
countries.
3.4: The Malay Peninsula
India
and Malaysia
Relations between:
India and Malaysia
are very old and are based on:
- Historical links
- Cultural links
- Economic relations
These connections go back more
than:
Two thousand years
The chapter explains that the:
Malay Peninsula
was connected with India
through:
Sea routes across the Bay of
Bengal.
Ancient Indian traders and
sailors travelled regularly to this region carrying:
- Goods
- Religious ideas
- Art
- Language
- Cultural traditions
Thus, maritime trade helped
create strong links between India and Malaysia.
Early
Hindu and Buddhist Influence
Indian influence began very
early in the Malay Peninsula through:
- Hinduism
- Buddhism
Indian culture influenced:
- Religion
- Art
- Literature
- Architecture
- Political systems
The textbook gives the example
of:
Srivijaya Kingdom
The name:
“Srivijaya”
comes from Sanskrit influence,
showing the impact of Indian culture.
Like Thailand and other
Southeast Asian regions, the Malay Peninsula adopted many Indian ideas
peacefully through:
- Trade
- Cultural contact
- Religious exchange
Brāhmī
Script Influence
Around:
4th century CE
the region adopted a script
based on:
India’s Brāhmī Script
Brāhmī was one of the earliest
scripts of ancient India.
Indian scripts influenced
local writing systems and helped spread:
- Literature
- Religious texts
- Cultural traditions
This shows the strong
educational and cultural exchange between India and the Malay Peninsula.
Influence
Visible Even Today
Even today, Indian cultural
influence can be seen in Malaysia through:
- Art
- Literature
- Traditional practices
- Language
- Festivals
Although:
Islam
became the major religion in
the region by the:
15th century
many earlier Hindu-Buddhist
influences remained part of Malaysian culture.
This shows how cultures can
continue influencing society for centuries.
Migration
of Indian Workers
During the:
- 19th century
and - 20th century
many Indians migrated to
Malaysia.
Most of them came from:
South India
They worked mainly as:
Labourers on rubber
plantations
These workers contributed
greatly to Malaysia’s economy.
Over time, Indian communities
settled permanently in Malaysia.
Indian
Community in Malaysia
Today:
About 9% of Malaysia’s
population
is of:
Indian origin
The Malaysian Indian community
plays an important role in:
- Business
- Education
- Politics
- Culture
- Economy
They continue to preserve many
Indian traditions such as:
- Tamil language
- Festivals
- Food
- Religious practices
Modern
Economic Relations
India is one of:
Malaysia’s largest trading
partners
The two countries cooperate
in:
- Palm oil trade
- Energy
- Infrastructure
- Information technology
Indian companies work together
with Malaysian companies in:
- Manufacturing
- Research
- Tourism
- Education
- Technology
These collaborations
strengthen economic ties between the two countries.
Strategic
Partnership
India and Malaysia are also:
Strategic Partners
They cooperate in:
- Regional security
- Maritime stability
- Economic development
Both countries work together
to maintain peace and stability in the:
Indian Ocean Region
because sea routes are
important for international trade.
Importance
of India–Malaysia Relations
The relationship between India
and Malaysia shows how:
- Maritime trade
- Migration
- Cultural exchange
- Economic cooperation
can create long-lasting
international connections.
It also shows the importance
of:
The Bay of Bengal Sea Routes
in spreading Indian influence
across Southeast Asia peacefully.
KEY
WORDS
Malay Peninsula
A region in Southeast Asia
including parts of Malaysia and nearby areas.
Brāhmī Script
One of the earliest scripts
used in ancient India.
Maritime Stability
Peace and safety in sea
regions and trade routes.
Strategic Partner
Countries working closely
together for security and development.
Plantation Labour
Workers employed on large farms
growing crops such as rubber.
3.5: The Lion City
India
and Singapore
Singapore comes from:
Singapuram
meaning:
Lion City
Tamil is one of Singapore’s:
Official Languages
This shows strong Indian
cultural influence.
Urban Planning and Discipline
Singapore is famous for:
- Cleanliness
- Urban planning
- Discipline
- Sustainability
People are fined for:
- Littering
- Jaywalking
Modern Relations
Singapore:
- Invests in India
- Receives Indian tourists
- Has Indian students
Area called:
Little India
shows Indian cultural
presence.
KEY
WORDS
Jaywalking
Crossing roads without
following traffic rules.
Urban Planning
Proper planning and
organisation of cities.
3.6: The Indonesian Archipelago
India
and Indonesia
Indonesia is:
An Archipelago
with:
More than 17,000 islands
India and Indonesia shared:
- Trade
- Religion
- Cultural exchange
Cultural Influence
Indian influence spread
through:
- Hinduism
- Buddhism
Islam later spread from India
to Indonesia.
Indonesia’s symbol:
Garuḍa
shows Indian cultural
influence.
Borobudur Stūpa
Borobudur is:
The world’s largest Buddhist
monument
Features:
- Stūpas
- Buddha statues
- Mandala design
Tsunami and Cooperation
The:
2004 Tsunami
caused destruction in many
countries.
India joined with:
- Indonesia
- Sri Lanka
- Thailand
to create:
Tsunami Early Warning System
The centre is located in:
Hyderabad
KEY WORDS
Archipelago
A large group of islands.
Stūpa
A Buddhist shrine containing
sacred relics.
Mandala
A geometric symbol
representing the universe.
Tsunami
Huge sea waves caused by
underwater earthquakes.
DON’T
MISS OUT
Stūpa
and Borobudur Stūpa
What
is a Stūpa?
A:
Stūpa
is a:
Buddhist shrine
usually built in the shape of:
A dome
Stūpas are sacred structures
built to preserve:
- Relics of Buddha
- Relics of important monks
- Sacred objects
- Ashes or remains of revered persons
Buddhists visit stūpas for:
- Worship
- Meditation
- Pilgrimage
Stūpas became important
centres of:
- Buddhism
- Learning
- Religious activities
Examples
of Indian Stūpas
The textbook reminds students
about:
- Sanchi Stūpa
- Bharhut Stūpa
which were studied earlier.
These are famous ancient
Buddhist monuments in India.
They show:
- Buddhist architecture
- Sculpture
- Religious art
Borobudur
Stūpa
The:
Borobudur Stūpa
is located in:
Indonesia
It was built during:
8th and 9th centuries CE
Borobudur is considered:
The world’s largest Buddhist
monument.
Special
Features of Borobudur
The Borobudur Stūpa is unique
because of:
- Huge size
- Beautiful architecture
- Geometric design
- Large number of Buddha statues
The monument was built using:
Stone
It has:
Five enormous platforms
arranged in:
A pyramidal shape
The structure is so large that
tourists appear like:
Tiny dots
in photographs.
Buddha
Statues and Smaller Stūpas
Borobudur contains:
More than 500 Buddha statues
It also has:
Many smaller stūpas
These smaller stūpas contain
Buddha images inside them.
This shows the importance of:
- Buddhist devotion
- Religious art
- Monumental architecture
in ancient Southeast Asia.
Mandala
Design
One of the most special
features of Borobudur is its:
Mandala Design
The monument has a highly:
Geometric structure
which represents:
A Mandala
What
is a Mandala?
A:
Mandala
is a:
Sacred geometric symbol
used in:
- Hinduism
- Buddhism
- Jainism
Mandalas are used in:
- Rituals
- Meditation
- Spiritual practices
They generally symbolise:
The entire cosmos or universe.
The design of Borobudur
reflects:
- Spiritual order
- Balance
- The path toward enlightenment
Indian
Influence on Borobudur
Borobudur shows strong Indian
influence through:
- Buddhism
- Religious ideas
- Mandala concepts
- Architectural traditions
Indian cultural ideas spread
to Indonesia through:
- Maritime trade
- Monks
- Pilgrims
- Cultural exchange
This shows how Indian
civilization influenced Southeast Asia peacefully.
Importance
of Borobudur
Borobudur is important because
it:
- Preserves Buddhist heritage
- Shows advanced architecture
- Reflects Indian cultural influence abroad
- Represents Buddhist philosophy through art
Today it is:
A major tourist and pilgrimage
site
visited by people from all
over the world.
KEY
WORDS
Stūpa
A Buddhist shrine preserving
sacred relics.
Relic
A sacred object or remains
connected with a holy person.
Mandala
A sacred geometric design
symbolising the universe.
Cosmos
The universe seen as an
ordered system.
Pilgrimage
Journey to a sacred religious
place.
DON’T
MISS OUT
Earthquakes, Tsunami, and the Indian Tsunami
Early Warning Centre
Indonesia
and Natural Disasters
The textbook explains that:
Indonesia experiences frequent
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
This happens because Indonesia
lies in:
A highly active earthquake
zone
where movements inside the
Earth occur regularly.
Because of this, Indonesia is
considered:
One of the most
earthquake-prone countries in the world.
Earthquakes
and Volcanic Eruptions
An:
Earthquake
occurs when:
- The Earth’s crust suddenly shakes because of
movements inside the Earth.
A:
Volcanic eruption
happens when:
- Hot lava, ash, and gases come out from a
volcano.
Indonesia has many active
volcanoes because it lies near:
Tectonic plate boundaries
where large pieces of Earth’s
crust meet.
The
Indian Ocean Tsunami (26 December 2004)
On:
26 December 2004
a very powerful:
Undersea earthquake
occurred near:
Indonesia
inside the:
Indian Ocean
This earthquake triggered a:
Massive Tsunami
What
is a Tsunami?
A:
Tsunami
is:
A series of giant sea waves
caused mainly by:
- Underwater earthquakes
- Volcanic eruptions
- Sudden movement of the ocean floor
These waves travel very fast
across the ocean and can cause:
- Flooding
- Destruction
- Loss of life
when they reach coastal areas.
Destruction
Caused by the Tsunami
The giant tsunami waves spread
across the Indian Ocean and struck many countries.
India was badly affected,
especially:
- Tamil Nadu
- Kerala
- Andaman and Nicobar Islands
In India alone:
About 15,000 people lost their
lives.
Across the entire region:
More than 200,000 people were
killed.
The disaster caused:
- Massive destruction
- Loss of homes
- Damage to coastal villages
- Economic losses
Many people became:
- Homeless
- Injured
- Displaced
Need
for Early Warning Systems
The tsunami showed the urgent
need for:
Better Early Warning Systems
An:
Early Warning System
helps detect natural disasters
early and warn people before danger arrives.
This can help:
- Save lives
- Reduce damage
- Improve disaster preparation
India’s
Cooperation with Other Countries
After the tsunami, India
worked together with:
- Indonesia
- Sri Lanka
- Thailand
- Other Indian Ocean countries
to create a:
Tsunami Warning Network
This cooperation improved:
- Regional safety
- Disaster management
- Communication systems
Indian
Tsunami Early Warning Centre
India established:
Indian Tsunami Early Warning
Centre
located in:
Hyderabad
The centre uses:
- Sensors
- Satellites
- Communication systems
to monitor:
- Earthquakes
- Ocean movements
- Tsunami threats
If danger is detected,
warnings are quickly sent to:
- India
- Neighbouring countries
This helps coastal people move
to safer places before tsunami waves arrive.
Importance
of the Warning Centre
The warning centre is
important because it:
- Protects human lives
- Improves disaster preparedness
- Strengthens regional cooperation
- Provides quick alerts during emergencies
It also shows how countries
can:
Work together during natural
disasters.
Importance
of Regional Cooperation
The tsunami disaster taught
countries that:
- Natural disasters affect many nations
together.
- Cooperation is necessary for safety and rescue
efforts.
India’s partnership with
neighbouring countries strengthened:
- Maritime cooperation
- Disaster management systems
- Scientific coordination
in the Indian Ocean region.
KEY
WORDS
Earthquake
Sudden shaking of the Earth’s
surface.
Volcanic Eruption
Release of lava, ash, and
gases from a volcano.
Tsunami
Huge sea waves caused by
underwater disturbances.
Early Warning System
A system that gives advance
alerts before disasters.
Tectonic Plates
Large moving sections of
Earth’s crust.
Disaster Management
Planning and actions to reduce
disaster damage.
4. An Ancient Neighbour
India
and Iran
India and Iran shared
relations since:
Bronze Age
Trade happened through:
- Land routes
- Sea routes
- Silk Route
People, goods, and ideas moved
between the two regions.
Cultural Similarities
The:
Avesta
has similarities with:
Ṛigveda
Indian texts such as:
Mahābhārata
mention Persians as:
Pārasīka
Persian language influenced
India during Mughal rule.
The:
Parsis
of India preserved ancient
Persian traditions.
Chabahar Port
India is helping develop:
Chabahar Port
Benefits:
- Better trade
- Access to Afghanistan
- Access to Central Asia
Despite international
challenges, both countries continue cooperation.
KEY
WORDS
Parsis
Followers of Zoroastrianism
who migrated from Persia to India.
Silk Route
Ancient trade routes
connecting Asia and Europe.
5. The Land of Copper
India
and Oman
Oman is located on the
southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula near:
- Persian Gulf
- Arabian Sea
India and Oman share maritime
boundaries and strategic importance.
Relations between India and
Oman go back more than:
5,000 years
during the time of the:
Indus-Sarasvatī Civilization
Oman was rich in:
Copper
Harappan traders brought:
Copper ingots
from Oman to India.
DON’T
MISS OUT
Indians
in Oman
More than:
10% of Oman’s population
is of Indian origin.
Merchant communities from
northwestern India settled there centuries ago.
The Hindu community built:
Motishwar Mandir
a Śhiva temple in Muscat.
Defence Cooperation
Oman is:
India’s closest defence
partner in the Gulf
India and Oman conduct:
- Joint military exercises
- Maritime security cooperation
with all three armed forces.
KEY
WORDS
Ingot
A lump or block of metal
shaped for transport and reworking.
Maritime Security
Protection and safety of sea
routes.
******
Questions
and Activities
1.
Explain who a maritime neighbour is with two examples with respect to India.
A:
Maritime neighbour
is a country connected to
another country through:
- Seas
- Oceans
even if they do not share a
land border.
India has many maritime
neighbours because it is surrounded by:
- Arabian Sea
- Bay of Bengal
- Indian Ocean
Examples:
- Sri Lanka
- Maldives
India is connected with these
countries through:
- Sea routes
- Trade
- Cultural exchange
- Maritime activities
2. How
has Buddhism created links with India’s neighbours? Give examples to explain
your answer.
Buddhism spread from India to
many neighbouring countries through:
- Monks
- Pilgrims
- Traders
- Universities like Nālandā
This created strong:
- Religious ties
- Cultural ties
- Intellectual connections
between India and neighbouring
countries.
Examples:
India and China
Chinese monks like:
- Faxian
- Xuanzang
travelled to India to study
Buddhism and visit Buddhist holy places.
India and Sri Lanka
Emperor Aśhoka sent:
- Mahinda
- Saṅghamitrā
to Sri Lanka to spread
Buddhism.
India and Myanmar
People from Myanmar visit
Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India such as:
- Bodh Gayā
- Sarnath
India and Thailand
Theravāda Buddhism spread from
India to Thailand and became widely followed there.
Thus, Buddhism helped create
long-lasting cultural and spiritual links.
3.
What does ‘open border’ policy mean? How does the India–Nepal ‘open border’
policy affect the lives of people living along the border?
An:
Open border policy
means people can move freely
between two countries:
- Without passports
- Without visas
India and Nepal have an:
Open Border Agreement
under the:
1950 Treaty of Peace and
Friendship.
Effects on people living along
the border:
- People can travel easily.
- Families maintain close relations.
- Trade becomes easier.
- Students can study across the border.
- People can work in either country.
- Pilgrims can visit religious places freely.
This policy strengthens:
- Friendship
- Cultural exchange
- People-to-people bonds
between India and Nepal.
4. The
chapter says, “Being neighbours is not just about geography.” Explain this
statement with an example.
The statement means that
neighbouring countries are connected not only through:
- Land borders
but also through: - Culture
- Religion
- Trade
- Language
- History
- Sea routes
Example:
India and Thailand do not
share a land border, but they share strong cultural connections.
Indian influence can be seen
in:
- Thai language
- Ramayana traditions
- Buddhism
- Names like Ayutthayā and Suvarnabhumi
Thus, countries can become
close neighbours through cultural and historical ties.
5.
What are the different ways in which India has helped smaller countries in her
neighbourhood? Explain with examples.
India has helped neighbouring
countries through:
- Development projects
- Disaster support
- Cultural cooperation
- Economic assistance
Examples:
Afghanistan
India built:
- Roads
- Schools
- Hospitals
- Parliament building
Myanmar
India helped restore:
Ananda Temple in Bagan
Sri Lanka
India helped during:
- Economic difficulties
- Natural disasters
Maldives
India cooperates in:
- Climate protection
- Solar energy projects
Bangladesh
India supported Bangladesh
during the:
Liberation War of 1971
Thus, India helps neighbouring
countries in many ways.
6. How
do shared challenges become opportunities for cooperation? Were there examples
in this chapter to illustrate this?
Shared challenges encourage
countries to:
- Work together
- Share resources
- Help one another
This improves:
- Regional cooperation
- Friendship
- Safety
Example from the chapter:
After the:
2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami
India worked with:
- Indonesia
- Sri Lanka
- Thailand
- Other countries
to create:
Tsunami Early Warning Systems
India established the:
Indian Tsunami Early Warning
Centre in Hyderabad.
This cooperation helps save
lives during natural disasters.
Another example is:
SAARC
where South Asian countries
cooperate in:
- Health
- Education
- Development
7. If
borders were drawn only by culture and connections, how would the map look
different?
If borders were drawn
according to:
- Culture
- Language
- Traditions
- Religion
- Historical links
the map would look very
different.
Countries with similar
cultures would appear more connected.
Examples:
- Bengal regions of India and Bangladesh would
appear closely linked.
- Tamil regions of India and Sri Lanka would
connect culturally.
- Buddhist regions of India, Nepal, Bhutan,
Myanmar, and Thailand would form cultural zones.
- Sanskrit influence would connect many
Southeast Asian countries.
The map would show:
- Cultural zones
instead of strict political borders.
8. On
blank maps
(a) Label India’s neighbours.
Land Neighbours:
- Pakistan
- Afghanistan
- China
- Nepal
- Bhutan
- Bangladesh
- Myanmar
Maritime Neighbours:
- Sri Lanka
- Maldives
- Thailand
- Malaysia
- Singapore
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Oman
(b) Draw arrows showing
cultural flows between India and neighbours.
Examples of cultural flows:
- Buddhism → China, Sri Lanka,
Thailand, Myanmar
- Ramayana traditions → Thailand, Indonesia
- Tamil culture → Sri Lanka, Malaysia,
Singapore
- Sanskrit influence → Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia
- Bollywood influence → Maldives
(c) Imagine and redraw new
“borders of friendship”.
Students can draw friendship
connections through:
- Rivers
- Sea routes
- Trade routes
- Pilgrimage routes
- Cultural zones
Examples:
- Buddhist Friendship Zone
- Indian Ocean Trade Zone
- Himalayan Cultural Zone
(d) Collect pictures of flags
and write observations.
Observations:
- Many flags use bright colours.
- Some flags contain religious or cultural
symbols.
- Several flags represent peace, courage, or
unity.
- India’s neighbours have unique national
identities.
- Colours often represent history and culture.
*********