Development

 

Development

Choose the correct option:

1.   Human Development Report is published by
(a) UNDP            (b) World Bank             (c) IMF               (d) WHO

2.   What was the literacy rate in Kerala in 2011?
(a) 82                 (b) 94                         (c) 62                 (d) 50

3.   Which of the following is the most important component for comparing different countries?
(a) Population     (b) Income          (c) Per capita income    (d) Resources

4.   In which state of India is the infant mortality rate lowest?
(a) Goa               (b) Bihar             (c) Uttar Pradesh         (d) Kerala

5.   Which of the following countries has higher HDI rank than India?
(a) Sri Lanka       (b) Nepal            (c) Bangladesh             (d) Pakistan

6.   Pick out the cause (from below) that enhances environmental degradation:
(a) Planting of trees.
(b) Prevention of factory wastes getting mixed up with river water.
(c) Ban on use of plastic bags.
(d) Allowing increase in the level of exhaust fumes emitted by cars, buses, trucks, etc.

7.   HDI stands for ‘Human Development Index’ that focuses on Fill in the blanks with one of the following options:
(a) life expectancy        (b) gross enrolment ratio for three levels of schooling
(c) national income       (d) All the above

8.   Pick out the correct meaning listed below to define ‘average income’.
(a) Average income of the country means the total income of the country.
(b) The average income in a country is the income of only employed people.
(c) The average income is the same as per capita income.
(d) The average income includes the value of property held.

9.   What will be the top priority in the developmental goal of a landless labourer?
(a) Expansion of rural banking
(b) More days of work and better wages
(c) Metal roads for transportation
(d) Establishment of a high school

10. What proportion of the country is over using their groundwater reserves?
(a) One-Fourth      (b) One-Tenth              (c) One-Third        (d) half

11. Development goals of different sections of our society can be achieved by:
(a) Force                                (b) Democratic political process
(c) Violent agitation                 (d) Terrorism

12. Which one of the following statements defines ‘Literacy Rate’?
(a) Total literate population divided by total population
(b) Total literate population divided by literate population
(c) Proportion of illiterate population in the 18 and above age group.
(d) It measures the proportion of literate proportion in the 7 years and above age group.

13. Which one of the following is not a feature of developing country?
(a) Agriculture as the major occupation     (b) High technological development
(c) Mass poverty                                      (d) Mass illiteracy

14. The developmental goal for a girl from a rich family is:
(a) to get more days of work   (b) to get as much freedom as her brother gets
(c) to get electricity                 (d) to get better wages

15. Which one of the following is a developmental goal for industrialists?
(a) To get more days of work            (b) To get better wages
(c) To get more electricity                (d) All the above

16. Which one of the following criteria is the basis to measure the development of a country according to UNDP?
(a) Per capita income                       (b) Educational levels of the people
(c) Health status of the people          (d) All the above

17. Which one of the following states has the highest Human Development Index (HDI)?
(a) Kerala             (b) Punjab          (c) Uttar Pradesh         (d) West Bengal

18. Which is the most important attribute for comparing the development of countries ?
(a) Resources        (b) Population     (c) Average income      (d) None of these

19. Which of the following countries has higher HDI rank than India?
(a) Sri Lanka         (b) Nepal    `       (c) Bangladesh             (d) Pakistan

20.  Kerala has low Infant Mortality Rate because:
(a) it has good climatic condition              

(b) it has adequate infrastructure                                                                                 (c) it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities
(d) it has poor net attendance ratio

21. Human Development Index compares countries based on which of the following levels of the people?
(a) Educational level                (b) Health status                                                (c) Per capita Income              (d) All the above

22. Cause of high infant mortality rate is :
(a) inadequate facilities of health      (b) lack of infrastructural facilities
(c) lack of awareness                       (d) both (a) and (b)

23. Which of the following neighbouring countries has better performance in terms of human development rank than India ?
(a) Bhutan            (b) Sri Lanka               (c) Nepal    (d) None of the above

24. Proportion of literate population in the 7 years and above age group is termed as
(a) Education index                         (b) Mortality ratio        

(c) Literacy rate                              (d) Gross enrolment ratio

25. Per capita income is:
(a) income per person                     (b) income per family

     (c) income per earning person          (d) income per month

26. The countries with per capita income of US $955 (2017) or less are termed as
(a) Low income countries         (b) Developing countries
(c) Developed countries                   (d) Rich countries

Source-based Questions:

Question 1.
Read the following passage on ‘Groundwater in India’ given on Textbook Page 14 and then answer the questions that follow:

Groundwater in India: “Recent evidence suggests that the groundwater is under serious threat of overuse in many parts of the country. About 300 districts have reported a water level decline of over 4 metres during the past 20 years. Nearly one- third of the country is overusing their groundwater reserves. In another 25 years,60 per cent of the country would be doing the same if the present way of using this resource continues. Groundwater overuse is particularly found in the agriculturally prosperous regions of Punjab and Western U.P., hard rock plateau areas of central and south India, some coastal areas and the rapidly growing urban settlements.
(a) Why ground water is overused?
(b) Can there be development without overuse?
(i) Why is groundwater overused?
(ii) Can there be development without overuse?

Question 2.
Read the following passage on ‘Exhaustion of Natural Resources’ given on Textbook Page 15 and then answer the questions that follow:
Exhaustion of Natural Resources: Look at the following data for crude oil.

Table 1.7 Crude Oil Reserves

Source : BP Statistical Review of World Energy, June 2014

The table gives an estimate of reserves of crude oil (column 1). More important, it also tells us for how many years the stock of crude oil will last if people continue to extract it at the present rate. The reserves would last only 53 years more. This is for the world as a whole. However, different countries face different situations. Countries like India depend on importing oil from abroad because they do not have enough stocks of their own. If prices of oil increase this becomes a burden for everyone. There are countries like USA which have low reserves and hence want to secure oil through military or economic power. The question of sustainability of development raises many fundamentally new issues about the nature and process of development.

Questions:
(i) Is crude oil essential for the development process in a country? Discuss.
(ii) India has to import crude oil. What problems do you anticipate for the country looking at the above situation?

2016

Very Short Answer Type Question [1 Mark]

Question 1.
Why is Per Capita Income calculated in the US dollars?
Answer:
The Per Capita Income is calculated in the US dollars because US dollar is considered as the medium of international exchange. It is accepted as method of payment across the world.

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 2.
“People have conflicting development goals”. Support the statement with suitable example.
Answer:
It is true to say that people have conflicting developmental goals. What may be the development for one may not be for the other. Different people have different interests, life situations and state of mind. They visualize things, actions, etc. according to their level of understanding.
For example, the construction of a flyover to reduce the congestion and traffic jams may be a development goal especially for the daily commuters. But for the construction of the flyover, surrounding houses, shops, etc. need to be demolished which may not be like by the occupants of these shops and houses. This may not be a development goal for them.

Question 3.
Describe any three possible development goals of landless rural labourers.
Answer:
The following can be the developmental goals of landless rural labourers.

·        More days of work with better wages.

·         Social and economic equality.

·         Low price food grains.

·        Better education facilities for their children.

Question 4.
“Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well” Do you agree with this statement? Justify your answer with any three suitable arguments.
Answer:
Yes, we agree with the statement that money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well because of the following reasons.

·         Money can buy things that can be one factor on which our life depends like food. But the quality of non-material things like freedom, security and respect cannot be bought with money.

·         We cannot buy pollution free environment, unadulterated medicines and peace with money.

·         Schools, colleges, parks, hospitals, etc. are the facilities which cannot be run individually. There has to be a collective effort of team work between the government or society in providing these to the general public.

2015

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]

Question 5.
Give any two common developmental goals of the people.
Answer:
Social equality, freedom, peace, pollution-free environment, improved health and literacy levels, awareness and control on population are common development goals of the people.

Question 6.
Suggest any one way to solve under-employment situation in rural areas.
Answer:
The problem of under employment in the rural areas can be solved by setting up industries, schools, tourism, regional craft industry, information technology, etc

Question 7.
Mention any one limitation of per capita income as an indicator of development.
Answer:
One limitation of per capita income is that it is impossible to come out to a well-defined conclusion about the real income of the people or nation

Question 8.
Through which act is Right to Work implemented?
Answer:
Right to Work is implemented through National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) 2005.

Question 9.
What is the rank of India as per the HDI report of 2004?
Answer:
India ranked 127 as per the HDI report of 2004.

Question 10.
Define average income.
Answer:
Average income measures the average income earned per person in a given area in a specified year. It is calculated by dividing the area’s total income by its total population.

Question 11.
Differentiate between Human Development Report and World Development
Answer:
The following are the differences between Human Development Report and World Development Report.

Question 12.
Why does Kerala have a better Human Development Index ranking in comparison to Punjab? Explain with three reasons.
Answer:
Kerala has a better Human Development Index ranking in comparison to Punjab even though Punjab has a higher per capita income in comparison to Kerala because of the following reasons.

·         Education: Kerala has a higher level of literacy rate than Punjab. In fact, the literacy rate of Kerala is the highest in India. In Kerala, the literacy rate is ninety-one per cent which is almost as high as that of China. This is mainly because education has been made available to everyone in Kerala whether they are upper caste or the lower caste. There is no bias in the field of education, which is one of the major reasons why Kerala has a better HDI than Punjab.

·         Health care: The health care facilities in Kerala are far better than those in Punjab. Kerala has over 2700 government medical hospitals, with 330 beds per 1,00,000 population which is the highest in India, making it achieve a higher ranking in the HDI.

·        Politics: The political parties in Kerala have taken steps for genuine welfare of the people and have invested intelligently and methodologically in the field of health and education. The government of Kerala has even worked for the land reforms in the State to support the people.

Question 13.
What is the main norm used by the World Bank in classifying different countries as rich and poor countries? What are the restrictions of such norms?
Answer:
Average income or per capita income is the main domain used by the World Bank in classifying different coutries as rich and poor countries. According to the World Bank, income is one of the most important attributes. Countries with average income of USD 12616 per annum and above are called rich countries. Countries with average income of USD 1530 or less are called middle-income countries and countries with average income of USD 1035 or less are called poor countries.
This is based on the conception that the higher the total income of the country, the developed it is.
However, there are certain restrictions to this norm because income, although an important measure for calculating growth and development, is not the only attribute. Over the past few decades, health and education have made an important mark in the development of a country. So, even if the country has high per capita income and literacy rate but does not have good medical facilities, it cannot be considered developed.

Question 14.
Besides income, what are the six other things people may look for growth and development?
Answer:
The following are the six things that people may look for growth and development, besides income.

·         freedom

·         security

·         respect

·         quality of life

·         health

·         education

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

Question 15.
“Though the level of income is important, it is an inadequate measure of the level of development.” Justify the statement.
Answer:
It is true that income is an important way to measure the level of development but it is also true that it is not the only way to measure the level of development. It is an inadequate method of measuring development since it is only the materialistic measure of development based on money.
Over the past few decades, health, education, sanitary and other non-materialistic indicators have become an important criteria in measuring the level of development.
The Human Development Index, for example, is a better measure of development since it takes into consideration health and education indicators as well.
For example, even though the income of Punjab is more than that of Kerala, Kerala has a higher HDI because it has better health and educational facilities. The literacy rate of Kerala is higher than that of Punjab.

Question 16.
What is Human Development Index? Which organization measures the HDI? Explain the three major indicators of the HDI.
Answer:
Human Development Index is a tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries based on the level of social and economic development. The HDI makes it possible to track changes in development levels from time to time and to compare development levels in different countries. The concept of HDI goes beyond income and growth to cover overall development with the object of improving the conditions of people from all angles.
The organization that measures the HDI is the United Nations.
Three major indicators of the HDI are as follows.

·        Health: Without proper health facilities, no matter how much a country earns, it will not be able to provide basic facilities to its people.

·         Education: Over the past few decades, education has become an important factor in leading a quality life. So, if the country has high income but the literacy rate is low, it cannot be considered developed.

·        Security: More than income, people want to have a secured life. A country should be able to provides its citizens a sense of security.

2014

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]

Question 17.
Suppose there are four families in a country with per capita income of $15000. The income of three families is $10000, $20000 and $12000. What is the income of the fourth family?
Answer:
The income of the fourth family is $18,000.The income of the fourth family is $18,000.

Question 18.
Study the data given below and answer the question that follow.
Some comparative data on Punjab, Kerala and Bihar:

Which state appears the most developed?
Answer:
Kerala appears the most developed.

Question 19.
What may be the development for one may be the destruction for the other.” Explain the statement with appropriate examples.
Answer:
Yes, it is true that what may be called development for some may turn out to be destruction for the others.
For example, the Sardar Sarovar dam built over the Narmada river led to a major evacuation of the tribes near the Narmada river and as a result the tribes lost their land and homes. This development of Sardar sarovar dam turned out to be a destruction for the tribes.
Another example, On the border of Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, in the Singrauli region, over 200,000 people have been displaced on different occasions. First by the Rihand dam, then by a series of thermal power plants of the National Thermal Power Corporation. Singrauli has illuminated the lives of many in the urban centres, but has seen its natives groping in endless darkness, grappling to overcome the trauma of displacement. So the development in Singrauli led to destruction of its people.
Multinational companies take away the land of the farmers for the construction of industries. It may be beneficial for boosting production but at the same time it causes loss of cultivable land and livelihood of the farmers. Various movements have been launched against the acquisition of land from the farmers.

2013

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 20.
State the three factors other than human income, that are important in life.
Answer:
Human Development Index is a tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries based on the level of social and economic development. The HDI makes it possible to track changes in development levels from time to time and to compare development levels in different countries. The concept of HDI goes beyond income and growth to cover overall development with the object of improving the conditions of people from all angles.
The organization that measures the HDI is the United Nations.
Three major indicators of the HDI are as follows

·         Health: Without proper health facilities, no matter how much a country earns, it will not be able to provide basic facilities to its people.

·         Education: Over the past few decades, education has become an important factor in leading a quality life. So, if the country has high income but the literacy rate is low, it cannot be considered developed.

·        Security: More than income, people want to have a secured life. A country should be able to provides its citizens a sense of security.

Question 21.
Explain the importance of sustainable development with reference to groundwater by giving example.
Answer:
Sustainable development means a development in a manner that satisfies the demands of today without hampering or compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their needs by utilizing the resources.
In lay man’s language it means using the resources in a manner that you and the future generations can use them tomorrow as well.
It is important because of the reason that we may enjoy the gifts of nature, but cannot think of our generations to live without such benefits. It becomes our duty to use nature for the fulfillment of our needs and not our greed. Our development should not hamper the needs of the future generations.
In the case of groundwater, we have utilized it to the maximum. It is a natural resource which is replenished by nature. People living in the areas with surplus water reserves should take care for its conservation. Efforts should be made not to overuse or degrade the quality of water. Recent evidences show that groundwater is under serious threat of disappearance. If suitable steps are not taken, it can pose serious consequences.

Long Answer Type Question [5 Marks]

Question 22.
What is sustainable development? Suggest any two ways in which resources can be used judiciously.
Answer:
Sustainable development is a pattern of development that promises the use of resources in a way that meets human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for generations to come.
In basic understanding, like today we are able to use the resources given to us, the future generations should also be able to use them for which we need to keep a tab on our usage and use the resources judiciously.
Today, we need to fuel the concept of sustainable development to make sure that resources are also available for the future generations.
Resources can be used judiciously in the following manner.

·        Using bicycle or walking for short distances rather than using a two wheeler or four wheeler can help in saving fuel and also will help in reducing air pollution.

·         Urbanization without deforestation can help us to sustain the natural environment.

·         By using CNG in place of petrol, we can help in reducing air pollution.

·        Judiciously using water resources and not polluting them will help us to preserve our water resources.

2012

Very Short Answer Type Question [1 Mark]

Question 23.
Which countries are known as rich countries on the basis of per capita income?
Answer:
Countries with per capita income of USD 12616 per annum and above in 2012 are known as rich countries.

Question 24.
Average income is important but it has limitations while using it. Explain
Answer:
The following are the limitations while using the average income.

·        It ignores equitable distribution of income.

·         It is impossible to come out to a well-defined conclusion about the real income of the people or nation.

·         It does not reflect the standard of living of the people

Question 25.
Study the data given below and answer the questions that follow. Some Comparative Data on Punjab, Kerala and Bihar

·        Which state has the highest infant mortality rate?

·         Why does this state have the highest infant mortality rate? Give two reasons.
Answer:

·         Bihar has the highest infant mortality rate.

·         Bihar has the highest infant mortality rate because of the following reasons.

·         Lack of health facilities

·        Lack of food security

Question 26.
What is Human Development Report? Which organization measures HDR? Explain three major indicators of HDR.
Answer:
Human Development Index is a tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries based on the level of social and economic development. The HDI makes it possible to track changes in development levels from time to time and to compare development levels in different countries. The concept of HDI goes beyond income and growth to cover overall development with the object of improving the conditions of people from all angles.
The organization that measures the HDI is the United Nations.
Three major indicators of the HDI are as follows.

·         Health: Without proper health facilities, no matter how much a country earns, it will not be able to provide basic facilities to its people.

·        Education: Over the past few decades, education has become an important factor in leading a quality life. So, if the country has high income but the literacy rate is low, it cannot be considered developed.

·         Security: More than income, people want to have a secured life. A country should be able to provides its citizens a sense of security.

 

2011

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 27.
What is meant by economic development? WTiat are the two bases of measuring economic development of a country?
Answer:
Economic development can be defined as efforts that seek to improve the economic well-being and quality of life for a community by creating and/or retaining jobs and supporting or growing incomes and the tax base. It is the increase in the growth and welfare of people, improvement of quality. In layman’s language it is a process, which makes people in general, better off by increasing their
command over goods and services and by increasing the options open to them. The two bases of measuring economic development of a country are as follows.

·         HDI (Human Development Index)

·        Per capita income

Question 28.
Explain sustainable development. Suggest two measures to ensure sustainable development
Answer:
Sustainable development is a pattern of development that promises the use of resources in a way that meets human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for generations to come.
In basic understanding, like today we are able to use the resources given to us, the future generations should also be able to use them for which we need to keep a tab on our usage and use the resources judiciously.
Today, we need to fuel the concept of sustainable development to make sure that resources are also available for the future generations.
Resources can be used judiciously in the following manner.

·        Using bicycle or walking for short distances rather than using a two wheeler or four wheeler can help in saving fuel and also will help in reducing air pollution.

·        Urbanization without deforestation can help us to sustain the natural environment.

·         By using CNG in place of petrol, we can help in reducing air pollution.

·         Judiciously using water resources and not polluting them will help us to preserve our water resources.

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

Question 29.
In what respects is the criterian used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?
Answer:
The criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development is different from the criterion used by the World Bank in the following ways.

·        The UNDP compares the development of the countries on the basis of literacy rate, gross enrolment ratio and health status of their people. On the their hand, the World Bank compares the development of the countries on the basis of per capita income or average income.

·         On the basis of the comparison done by the UNDP, the countries are ranked as first, second, third… whereas on the basis of the comparison done by the World Bank the countries are divided into three categories:

1.    Rich or developed or high-income countries

2.    Middle-income or developing countries

3.    Poor or underdeveloped or low-income countries

·         The UNDP has a broader concept of development and the World Bank has a narrow concept of development.

Question 30.
What is the main criterion used by the World Bank is classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any? In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?
Answer:
The criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development is different from the criterion used by the World Bank in the following ways.

·         The UNDP compares the development of the countries on the basis of literacy rate, gross enrolment ratio and health status of their people. On the their hand, the World Bank compares the development of the countries on the basis of per capita income or average income.

·        On the basis of the comparison done by the UNDP, the countries are ranked as first, second, third… whereas on the basis of the comparison done by the World Bank the countries are divided into three categories:

1.   Rich or developed or high-income countries

2.   Middle-income or developing countries

3.    Poor or underdeveloped or low-income countries

·         The UNDP has a broader concept of development and the World Bank has a narrow concept of development.

Limitation: Limitation of this criterion is that average or per capita income is not the only factor important for development. This factor hides the other important factor—distribution of income, which also affects development. Higher average income, along with equitable distribution of income is considered favourable for development.

2010

Very Short Answer Type Question [1 Mark]

Question 31.
Which countries are known as rich countries on the basis of per capita income?
Answer:
Countries with per capita income of USD 12616 per annum and above in 2012 are known as rich countries

2009

Short Answer Type Question [3 Marks]

Question 32.
Compare India and Sri Lanka on the basis of any three indicators of Human Development Index for 2004.
Answer:
Comparison between India and Sri Lanka on the basis of three indicators of HDI.

·        Per capita income: In 2004, per capita income of Sri Lanka ($5170) was much more than that of India ($3285). Literacy rate: Sri Lanka’s literacy rate (90.6%) was much more than that of India (62.85%). Life expectancy at birth: In terms of life expectancy at birth, Sri Lanka (75.15%) was ahead of India (65.8%).

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