THE MUGHAL EMPIRE

 

 

CLASS-VII     -    HISTORY

 

CHAPTER: 4.THE MUGHAL EMPIRE

Expanded kingdom from 16^th to 17^th century

Prime Minister address Independence Day speech from Red Fort (Residence of Mughal Emperors)

ORIGINATE

·       Mother (Genghis Khan)

·       Mongol Tribes, Asia and China

·       Massacre of innumerable people

·       Rivals were Uzbegs

·       Father (Timur)

·       Iran, Iraq and Turkey

·       Ancestors captured Delhi in 1398

BABUR

•        Succeeded to throne at 12 years

•        1^st on throne of Ferghana in 1494

•        Uzbegs invaded and was forced to leave

•        Seized Kabul in 1504

•        1526: Defeated Ibrahim Lodi in Battle of Panipat

•        Captured Agra and Delhi

•        Afghans were threat to Mughals

•        1527: Defeated rana Sanga, Rajput rulers and allies at Khanua.

•        1528: Defeated the Rajputs at Chanderi

HUMAYUN

•        Divided inheritance based on father’s will

•        Each brother given a province

•        Sher Khan defeated him at Chausa (1539) and Kanauj (1540)

•        He fled to Iran

•        Got help from Safavid Shah (Iran)

•        Recaptured Delhi in 1555

•        Died in accident

AKBAR

•        Emperor at 12 years

•        Under Bairam Khan- campaign against Suris and Afghans

•        Suppressed revolt of his half brother Mirza Hakim and Uzbegs

•        1568: Sisodiya capital of Chittor was seized

•        1569: Ranthambhor was seized

•        Military campaign to Gujrat, Bihar, Bengal, Odisha

•        Expansion of empire to North-West

•        Qandahar was seized from the Safavids

•        Kashmir was annexed

•        Kabul annexed after death of Mirza Hakim

•        Annexed Deccan, Barar, Khandesh and part of Ahmadnagar

•        IbadatKhana: various religious people discussed (religious scholars who emphasized rituals and dogma were often bigots)

 

•        Sulh-i-kul or Universal Peace: ethics, honesty and peace- was followed by Jahangir and Shah Jahan

JAHANGIR

•        Sisodiya ruler of Mewar, Amar Singh accepted his rule

•        Known as prince Salim

•        Wife: Nur Jahan (Mehrunisa)- loyal and supportive- had seals and coins with her name

SHAH JAHAN

•        Prince Khurram

•        Afghan noble Khan Jahan Lodi was defeated

•        Qandahar was lost to Safavids

•        1632: Annexed Ahmadnagar

•        Aurangzeb was victorious and his 3 brother, including Dara Shukoh were killed

•        Was imprisoned fortherest of his life in Agra

AURANGZEB

•        1663: Ahoms defeated but rebelled again in 1680

•        Intially successful against Shivaji (insulted him when he came to accept Mughal Authority)

•        1685: Bijapur annexed

•        1687: Golkonda annexed

•        1698: Against Marathas who followed gurrila warfare

•        After his death, succession conflict amongst his sons

SUCCESSION

•        Primigeniture: eldest son inherited his father’s estate

•        Coparcenary inheritance or divisions of inheritance amongst all the sons- Mughals

RELATIONS TO OTHER RULERS

•        Jahangir’s mother: Kachhwaha princess, daughter of Rajput ruler of Amber

•        Shah Jahan’s mother: Rathor princess, daughter of Rajput ruler of Marwar.

•        Sisodiyas did not accept Mughals authority- defeated once by Mughals but land (Watan) given back as assignments (watan jagirs)

•        In Mughal service: Mansabdars (hold rank Mansab)

•        Grading system used by Mughals to fix rank, salary and military responsibilities

•        Rank and salary determined by Zat

•        Higher Zat, more prestigious position with larger salary.

•        Maintain cavalry or sawar

•        Mansabdars got salaries as revenue assignments called Jagirs similar to iqtas. However, unlike Muqtis, most

Mansabdars did not actually reside in or administer their jagirs

•        Akbar’s period: Jagirs were assessed

•        Aurangzeb’s period: actual sum was less than granted sum and huge numbers of mansabdars. Long wait and shortage of Jagirs. Peasantry suffered a lot.

ZABT AND ZAMINDAR

•        Major tax was on produce of peasantry

•        Taxes paid by rural elite

•        Zamindars used intermediaries

•        Todarmal (revenue minister of Akbar) carried crop survey- tax fixed on each crop in cash

•        Province divided into revenue circle with revenue rates- Zabt- not possible in Gujrat and Bengal.

•        Shah Jahan period- 5.6%- mansabdars received 61.5% of total revenue

•        Most income was spent on salary and goods- benefitted artisans and peasantry

•        Poorest lived from hand to mouth

•        Economic strata created

•        Mughals elite became very powerful

•        Mughal declined and servants became powerful

•        Dynasties like awadh and Hyderabad came into powers

WORLD WIDE

•        Queen Elizabeth (Tudors Dynasty)

•        Conflict between Catholics and Protestants (reformed church) tried to establish independence of church of England from Rome

•        Conflict with Phillip II from Spain and defeated them

•        Supported play writers like Shekespeare and poets like Edward Spenser (Write Epic called The Faerie Queen in her praise)

 

 

 

 

……THE END…..