THE DELHI SULTANS

 

CLASS-VII                  HISTORY

CHAPTER 3.       THE DELHI SULTANS

DELHI

•        1^ST capital under Tomara Rajputs in 12^th century (defeated by Chauhans of Ajmer)

•        Coins minted- called Delhiwal

•        Jain merchant centre

•        As a sultanate empire in 13^th century

•        Histories called Tarikh (singular), tawarikh (plural) in Persian by learned scholars- lived in cities, wrote for good rewards and maintain social order on birth right and gender distinctions

•        1236: Raziya, daughter of Illtutmishbecame emperor but was removed in 1240- Minhaj-i-Siraj, recognized that she was more able and qualified than all her brothers.

•        Rudramadevi (1262-1289), of Kakatiya dynasty of Warangle, part of modern Andhra Pradesh- pretended as male and changed name

•        Queen Didda in Kashmir (980-1003) has title ‘didi’ or ‘elder sister’- loved ruler by her subjects

Prepare manuscripts

•        Prepare paper

•        Write text

•        Melt gold

•        Prepare binding

Circle of justice

•        Kings requires soldires, soldires requires salaries, salaries comes from revenue (by peasants) pays happy happens when king promotes justice

•        13^th century: Delhi was fertified town occupied by garrisons, seldom control on hinterland- depedent on trade, tribute and plunder for supplies

•        Expansions occurred during Ghiyasuddin Balban (Turkish Emperor), Allauddin Khaliji and Muhammad Tughlug

•        Consolidated hinter lands of Ganga-Yamuna doab– given to peasants and agriculture

•        New fortresses and towns were established to protect trade routes and to promote regional trade

•        Second expansion- external frontier and military expedition on south-army captured horses, elephants and slaves

MOSQUE AND MASJIDS

•        Quwwat-al-Islam mosque and minaret: Built in 12^th century as congregational mosque described in chronicles as Delhi-i-kuhna (the old city)- enlarged by Illtutmish and AllauddinKhaliji- minar was built by three Sultans- Qutbuddin Aibak, Illtutmish and Firoz shah Tughluq.

•        Begampuri mosque: By Muhammad Tughlug- main mosque of Jahanpanah “sanctuary of world” in his new capital in Delhi

•        Moth ki Masjid: built in the reign of Sikandar Lodi by his minister

•        Congregational Mosque: Muslims read their prayers (Namaz) together, members choose most respected, learned male as their leader (imam) for rituals. He also delivers sermon (khatba) during Friday prayer. During prayer Muslims stand facing Macca. In India this is to the west. This is called qibla.

•        Mosque demonstrated their claims to be protectors of Islam and Muslims.

•        Provides community feelings

KHILIJIS AND TUGHLUQS           

•        Delhi Sultans especially Illtutmish: flavoured their special slaves purchased for military service- bandagan in Persian- political offices and were trustworthy.

•        Raised people of humble birth, who were often their clients (under protection of another), to high political positions, governors and generals

•        Clients loyal to patrons and not to heirs

•        New Sultans had own servants

•        Conflict between new and old nobility

•        Muhammad Tughluq appointed Aziz Khummar (wine distiller), Firuz Hajjam (barbar), Mank a Tabbakh (cook), and two gardners, Lodha and Pira, to high administrative posts.

•        Military commanders: Lands were called iqta and their holder was called iqtadar or Muqti- led military campaign and collected revenue as salary collected taxes only by state.

•        Sultan forced landed chieftains (Samanta aristocrats) and rich land lords to accept their authority.

•        Taxes: cultivation called Kharaj 50% of peasants produce, on cattle and on houses

•        Distant provinces became independent

MONGOLS

•        Mongols under Genghis Khan invaded Transoxiana in northeast Iran in 1219

•        Attacks increased during AllauddinKhalji (mobilized army with high administrative charges)

COMPARISION BETWEEN ALLAUDDIN KHALJI AND  MUHAMMAD TUGHLUQ

ALLAUDDIN KHALJI

·       Delhi attacked twice

•        Maintained huge army

•        Constructed garrison town- Siri

•        Soldiers fed by taxes collected from land between doab (50%)

MUHAMMAD TUGHLUQ

•        Mongols defeated

•        Maintained huge army

•        Oldest of 4 cities; Delhi- i- Kuhna was emptied, residents of old city were sent to new capital of Daulatabad in south

•        Produce from same area was collected as tax to feed army

SAYYIDS AND LODHIS                  

•        Ruled until 1526

•        Jaunpur, Gujrat, Malwa, etc. were independent states

•        New rulers like Afghans and Rajputs

•        Sher Shah Sur challenged Humayun (captured Delhi and ruled for 15 years as Suri Dynasty)- Administrative styles were followed by Akbar

Three orders

•        First formulated in France in early 11^th century. Society into 3 classes. Those who prayed, those who fought and those who tilled the land. Supported by church. Emergence of warriors called knights. Idea of Peace of God. Direct warriors against conflict and send them to campaign against Muslims. Captured in Jerusalem (crusades). Knights did not belong to class of nobles.

 

 

 

………The end………